Europe
Marine Le Pen plans French constitutional referendum on immigration
The presidential election to be held in France in the spring of 2027 will mark the end of the Emmanuel Macron era. Although the official election campaign has not yet begun, the principal political actors, including the right-wing National Rally (RN), have selected their candidates.
On 7 July, the Paris Court of Appeal effectively lifted the barrier to the eligibility of Marine Le Pen, leader of the RN group in the National Assembly, and Le Pen declared her candidacy on the same day.
Recent opinion polls show Le Pen significantly ahead of her rivals, including the ruling camp, with voter support between 34% and 35.5%.
Support for former Prime Minister Gabriel Attal of Macron’s centrist Renaissance party remains at 13-15%, while the vote share of Édouard Philippe, leader of the centre-right Horizons party who served as prime minister between 2017 and 2020, is measured at between 16.5% and 19%.
In March 2025, the court found Le Pen guilty of embezzling European Parliament funds and barred her from public office for five years.
Evaluating the appeal against the ruling, the Paris Court of Appeal upheld the conviction but ruled that there was no element of personal enrichment.
Under the finalised sentence, Le Pen was handed a fine of 100,000 euros, a three-year prison term with two years suspended, and a 45-month ban from public office with 30 months suspended.
Because the disqualification period was applied from the first-instance court’s decision of 31 March 2025, Le Pen effectively secured the right to contest the 2027 presidential election.
While the RN plans to unveil its election programme at the beginning of next year, Le Monde newspaper warned in an 18 August report that Le Pen’s pledge for a constitutional referendum on immigration would constitute “a coup d’état in form and substance”.
The referendum proposal in question was first raised by Le Pen ahead of the 2022 presidential election.
The RN group submitted this proposal to the National Assembly in January 2024 as a 14-article constitutional amendment bill titled “Citizenship, Identity, and Immigration”.
The text envisages restricting or abolishing birthright citizenship to make it harder for children of foreign nationals to acquire citizenship, introducing the principle of “national priority” in employment, housing, and social assistance, making it more difficult for refugees to obtain legal status, and tightening entry rules into the country.
A separate constitutional amendment block in the proposal aims to make French law superior to international obligations and European Union law in the Constitution of the Fifth Republic.
Le Pen explained the purpose of these regulations as “preventing supranational courts from forcing France to pursue policies contrary to the will of the French people”.
Following the 2024 parliamentary elections, the RN removed the most controversial article from the proposal. This article included a ban on appointing dual nationals to certain public posts.
Le Pen stated that this provision was removed from the text on the grounds that it could create a false impression of unequal treatment of people based on their origins.
No other changes were made to the draft, and Le Pen maintains her determination to enact the provisions.
According to Le Monde, Le Pen plans, in the event of an electoral victory, to combine the referendum with the first round of the parliamentary elections to be held immediately after the presidential election.
In this process, she aims to use Article 11 of the French Constitution, which empowers the head of state to submit an issue directly to a referendum without parliamentary debate.
Article 89 of the Constitution, however, stipulates that constitutional amendments must be approved by both the National Assembly and the Senate before being submitted to a popular vote.
Jean-Éric Schoettl, former Secretary General of the Constitutional Council, described Le Pen’s proposed method as a “double coup, both in procedure and substance”.
Laurent Fabius, the former president of the council, and Richard Ferrand, its current president, also stated that immigration does not fall under the scope of Article 11 and that the procedure in Article 89 must be applied.
The RN camp, for its part, points to the precedent set by Charles de Gaulle, who used Article 11 twice for constitutional changes.
General de Gaulle preferred this route in 1962 for the direct election of the president by universal suffrage, and in 1969 for the reform of the Senate and regional administration.
Philippe Olivier, a special adviser to Le Pen, pushed back against the criticism, asking: “Do Richard Ferrand and Laurent Fabius know the Constitution better than General de Gaulle, and do they reject the interpretation of the founder of the Fifth Republic?”
According to information obtained by Le Monde, Le Pen’s team prepared two alternative plans. The first scenario envisages amending Article 11 itself through the regular procedure in Article 89 to enable constitutional amendments via direct referendum.
The second and more radical scenario involves bypassing existing constitutional procedures entirely. In this case, the party would submit a revised new constitution to a referendum in line with its draft, and voters would cast their ballots as the “constituent people”, the direct source of the new constitutional order.
Although the European Union has significantly tightened its migration policy in recent years, the RN’s proposals go far beyond current European rules.
The draft conflicts with the EU acquis, particularly regarding the restriction of the right to asylum and the principle of national priority.
The national priority approach directly contradicts Article 7 of EU Regulation 492/2011, which guarantees equal treatment and non-discrimination for EU citizens working in another member state.
The new EU Pact on Migration and Asylum, which entered into force in June 2026, introduces a common procedural standard for international protection processes.
EU Regulation 2024/1348 also obliges member states to register and examine asylum applications made on their territory or at their borders.
Nicolas Hervieu, a professor of public and European law, stated that the RN’s attempt to place the French constitution above European norms could result in sanctions.
Hervieu indicated that the EU could freeze funds allocated to France, as seen in the cases of Poland and Hungary.
The Hungarian administration took harsh measures during the crisis triggered by the influx of refugees from North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia in 2015.
In 2020, Budapest bypassed EU rules by deciding to grant permission for asylum applications solely to individuals who had received refugee status at its embassies in Kyiv or Belgrade, turning away all other applicants at the border.
Brussels determined that this practice undermined the foundations of the union, and the EU Court of Justice fined Hungary 200 million euros in June 2024 for not accepting asylum seekers.
The court also ruled that the country must pay an additional daily fine of 1 million euros until the legislation is brought into compliance with EU standards.
In Poland, the freezing of funds was grounded on violations of the rule of law and judicial independence during the previous government.
However, disputes over migration continued under the new government led by Prime Minister Donald Tusk.
In May 2024, the Tusk cabinet opposed the mandatory solidarity mechanism included in the new Pact on Migration and Asylum, which envisages assistance for countries under migration pressure; nevertheless, the text was adopted without amendment in the EU Council.
In response to the Polish government’s proposal to temporarily suspend the acceptance of asylum applications due to the situation on the Belarus border, the European Commission stated that Warsaw risked violating its international obligations.
Experts at the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) emphasise that if Le Pen is elected, European partners must prepare for a “completely different” France.
According to expert assessments, it is considered possible not only that Paris would adopt a hostile stance towards EU institutions, but also that it would cease to be an ally on core foreign policy files of the union, including the war in Ukraine.
The ECFR report stated: “It is difficult to imagine Le Pen providing a decisive response to the security crisis on Europe’s eastern flank. Even under pressure from EU member states expecting a firmer stance against Russia, it is highly probable that Le Pen would lean towards concessions and negotiations rather than taking resolute steps.”
Europe
EU rejects US proposal to resume Russian gas flows through Ukraine
The European Commission has rejected a peace plan proposal from the US administration that entails resuming Russian natural gas purchases via Ukraine.
Commission spokesperson Paula Pinho stressed that Brussels has not changed its stance.
Pinho recalled that European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen had previously stated clearly that no restrictions on Russia would be lifted until the conflict comes to an absolute end.
The New York Times reported that the US president’s new peace proposal includes Europe returning to large-scale Russian gas purchases through Ukraine.
According to the report, Special Envoy Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner raised the matter during talks in Kyiv last month with Ukrainian and European officials, including Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
Sources contacted by the newspaper noted that some European and Ukrainian officials believe Washington would seek to secure a share of Russian gas exports.
Under this plan, the objective is to channel a share of the profits to American companies or the US government.
Russian President Vladimir Putin had said Moscow was ready to work on supplying fuel to European nations, but noted that a signal must come from the other side.
Putin stated that Moscow must evaluate the feasibility and necessity of fuel flows to the Western market, adding that they would not wait for Europe to shut the door ostentatiously on energy supplies.
Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov remarked that European nations rejecting Russian gas would make them dependent on the US and deprive them of the ability to diversify their supply sources.
Peskov noted that the US sells gas at very high prices and that if European nations pay more for energy, their industries will suffer.
The EU plans to halt liquefied natural gas imports from Russia entirely by 1 January 2027 and pipeline gas by 30 September 2027.
Von der Leyen had previously announced that the bloc would reduce Russian gas imports to zero by the end of 2027.
Russia halted gas flows to Europe via Ukraine as of 1 January 2025, when the five-year contract between Gazprom and Naftogaz of Ukraine expired.
Putin had stated that Kyiv refused to extend the transit agreement. Following the closure of the Ukrainian route, the TurkStream pipeline remained the only operational corridor carrying Russian pipeline gas to Europe.
Europe
Serbian prosecutor in Trump Tower inquiry targeted by Israeli spyware
A prosecutor investigating corruption allegations surrounding a real estate project linked to US President Donald Trump in Serbia was targeted with spyware, a new investigation has revealed.
The findings, published by the University of Toronto’s Citizen Lab alongside the Serbia-based digital rights group SHARE Foundation, showed that Rade Bajić, who served at the Prosecutor’s Office for Organized Crime, was selected as a target.
Bajić became a target of the Pegasus spyware developed by Israel-based NSO Group after he publicly spoke out about political interference and abuses of power.
The prosecutor stated that on 13 August, he received a warning alert from Apple cautioning him against state-sponsored or mercenary spyware attacks.
Project cancelled, but investigation and pressure continue
The probe centres on a plan to transform the historic complex in Belgrade that housed the former Yugoslav Ministry of Defence headquarters into a luxury Trump Tower skyscraper.
Linked to US President Trump’s son-in-law Jared Kushner, the real estate development drew fierce backlash amid political pressure disputes and allegations that the site’s protected heritage status had been unlawfully revoked.
The investment firm founded by Kushner announced late last year that it was pulling out of the project, citing respect for the Serbian public and the city of Belgrade.
Recalling his investigation into claims that senior government officials had improperly lifted the historic military complex’s protected status, former prosecutor Bajić said: “In my opinion, my role in this case was the sole reason for the illegal spyware attack.”
Target list widens to university and judicial figures
The spyware scandal in Serbia has widened, sweeping in political opposition figures, civil society, and academic circles.
It was also confirmed that an iPhone belonging to University of Belgrade Rector Vladan Đokić was infiltrated by Pegasus spyware.
Đokić, who refused to back the government’s crackdowns on student demonstrations, has become one of the prominent figures of the protest movement.
Police raided his office on 31 March, seizing his computers and servers. Đokić had also been touted as a likely leader for a student-backed opposition list ahead of early general elections scheduled for Sunday.
Shortly before the report was published, a pro-government tabloid released audio recordings allegedly capturing Đokić discussing his political ambitions, putting him directly in the crosshairs.
While the source of the recordings remained undisclosed, Đokić stressed that the breach of his phone represented a grave assault on his personal privacy, safety, and the dignity of the rector’s office, demanding that those responsible be punished.
State institutions silent on allegations
Speaking to Politico, SHARE Foundation policy advisor Andrijana Ristić noted that surveillance operations had spread from civil society and journalists to student activists, politicians, and finally to members of academia and the judiciary.
Ristić stated that the lack of state action despite formal criminal complaints has fuelled this escalation.
Citizen Lab senior researcher John Scott-Railton emphasized that technology from NSO Group, which claims to turn over a new leaf every time an abuse is uncovered, is being deployed directly for repression.
Scott-Railton pointed out that targeting individuals who defend freedom against corruption was no coincidence.
The Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs left questions unanswered, though officials had previously denied allegations of cyber espionage.
NSO Group, which maintains that it sells its products exclusively to governments and was blacklisted by the US government in 2021 over human rights abuses, also made no comment.
Apple confirmed that it had sent mass threat notifications to users on 13 August, but provided no specific details regarding the cases of Bajić or Đokić.
In September, Citizen Lab and the SHARE Foundation disclosed that at least 14 individuals, including student activists and opposition figures, had received similar spyware alerts.
Europe
Macron rejects interior minister’s resignation over violent unrest
French Interior Minister Laurent Nuñez tendered his resignation amid some of the country’s most violent street unrest in recent years. President Emmanuel Macron rejected the resignation.
According to a statement from the Elysée Palace, Macron made the decision because law enforcement required uninterrupted command under current conditions. Macron instructed Nuñez to roll out new methods on the ground as quickly as possible.
The president also demanded that all necessary measures be taken to ensure transparency regarding the lapses in intelligence and foresight that led to the violence.
How many people were on the streets during Saturday’s protests?
The demonstrations were organised on 17 October over the rising cost of living and discontent with the government’s social policies. According to the Interior Ministry, approximately 550,000 people took part, while trade unions put the figure at 800,000.
Hundreds of thousands marched peacefully on Saturday. However, clashes with law enforcement broke out in Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and other cities, where shops were looted and buildings set on fire.
In Marseille, protesters stormed the city hall. As they forced their way in, they shouted, “This is a revolution, we are taking the Bastille!”, and went on to loot numerous stores.
In Lyon, the office of a tourism company housed in a 19th-century building was vandalised and torched. In Limoges, a 19th-century city hall was set ablaze.
Damage incurred by French businesses is reportedly estimated in the hundreds of millions of euros.
Citing Nuñez reported approximately 1,800 detentions and more than 500 injuries among police officers, gendarmes, and firefighters. Reuters reported that Nuñez stated 2,400 people had been detained nationwide and around 1,000 security personnel injured.
During the demonstrations in Paris, one person suffered a fatal heart attack while being detained.
Macron: We feel anger and shame
In a televised address, Macron said that nothing could justify the events. “There is nothing that can justify, explain, or excuse this. Tonight, we all feel anger and shame,” he said.
In the same speech, he stressed that peaceful demonstrators had legitimate grievances and should not be equated with those resorting to violence. He also noted that the protesters’ voices must be heard and that the government had already begun efforts to address them.
Macron said that legitimate demands must not be conflated with violence, and that violence should not prevent those demands from being heard.
Right demands state of emergency, Macron holds off
Right-wing politicians demanded the declaration of a state of emergency.
Macron declined to do so, stating that the government could allow local authorities to ban protests if necessary to protect public buildings and businesses.
Marine Le Pen, who is expected to run as the candidate for the far-right National Rally in next year’s presidential election, called for restraint. Le Pen said the situation in the country must not be treated as normal.
Meanwhile, Jean-Luc Mélenchon, leader of the far-left France Unbowed, stated that Macron must meet the demands of high school students staging demonstrations.
Macron’s term in office ends in 2027.
Throughout his nearly decade-long presidency, the country has frequently witnessed widespread protests, alongside persistent criticism over economic weakness and mounting public debt.
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