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Why violent protests over wages and government perks are shaking Indonesia?

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A severe wave of protests has swept through Indonesia in recent days, resulting in the deaths of seven people.

Observers believe the violent demonstrations are the culmination of public anger over economic hardships, the insensitivity of public officials, and the failure of President Prabowo Subianto’s administration to implement policies that support the populace.

Nikkei Asia has compiled what you need to know about the public protests in Indonesia.

What is the cause of the protests?

The demonstrations began early last week in front of the House of Representatives building in Jakarta. Protesters, including students and union members, criticized the privileges of lawmakers, such as a monthly housing allowance of 50 million rupiahs ($3,100), which is more than 10 times the national average minimum wage.

They also demanded a higher minimum wage for workers and an end to the mass layoffs that have affected numerous sectors in recent years, from textiles and footwear to technology startups and the hospitality industry.

Police intervention

On Thursday evening, police intervened with the protesters. In the ensuing clash, a motorcycle taxi driver named Affan Kurniawan was killed after being run over by a police tactical vehicle.

His death led to broader and more violent protests on Friday and Saturday, which spread to other cities including Bandung in West Java, Yogyakarta, Surabaya in East Java, Medan in North Sumatra, and Makassar in South Sulawesi.

On August 29, as nationwide protests shook Indonesia, a crowd set fire to the city hall in Makassar, the capital of South Sulawesi province. Three officers died in the fire.

In Jakarta, the headquarters of the police’s Mobile Brigade Corps became a primary target for demonstrators. Police vehicles and public facilities were set on fire. Some nearby shops were looted, as were the homes of four lawmakers and Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati in other parts of Jakarta.

In other cities, protesters mostly targeted police stations or local councils. In Makassar, three public officials were killed after a crowd set the city council building ablaze.

As of Sunday, seven people were reported to have been killed during the protests, including a motorcycle taxi driver in Makassar, a student in Yogyakarta, and a bicycle taxi driver in the city of Solo in Central Java.

How are the authorities responding?

Prabowo met with political party leaders and cabinet ministers in Jakarta on Sunday.

He announced that the House had agreed to revoke some of the lawmakers’ privileges and impose a moratorium on overseas business trips, which have long been criticized for wasting taxpayer money.

The president said “decisive” measures would be taken against some lawmakers who recently made controversial statements that fueled public anger.

For example, Ahmad Sahroni, a politician from the NasDem Party, defended the lawmakers’ privileges and called their critics “stupid.”

The NasDem and National Mandate Party announced on Sunday that they had each suspended two lawmakers, including Sahroni. The Golkar Party suspended one lawmaker. All three parties are part of Prabowo’s ruling coalition.

Prabowo also ordered a crackdown on those who destroyed public facilities.

“There are signs of illegal acts, even acts amounting to treason and terrorism,” he said, blaming the public.

“I have ordered the police and the military to take the harshest possible measures in accordance with the law against the destruction of public facilities and the looting of individuals’ homes and economic centers,” Prabowo said.

How are businesses responding?

As of Sunday, shops and an electronics center near the Mobile Brigade headquarters in central Jakarta remained closed. However, shopping malls and other retail centers in other parts of Jakarta operated normally, albeit with fewer visitors.

Many businesses and government offices told their employees to work from home on Monday.

Anindya N. Bakrie, Chairman of the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, called for a “respectful” dialogue so that the public could express its wishes. He urged government officials and lawmakers to be more sensitive to the public’s problems, including the rising cost of living and low incomes. “Public officials must be sensitive,” he said.

Budihardjo Iduansjah, Chairman of the Indonesian Retail and Tenants Association (Hippindo), similarly called for dialogue and asked the government to ensure security at shopping malls and other public activity centers.

‘A security-focused approach will not solve the problems’

Defense Minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin told reporters on Sunday evening that the police and military would “work together” to ensure public security and would “act decisively and take measured steps against any illegal activity.”

Dominique Nicky Fahrizal, a researcher at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, a think tank in Jakarta, stated that a security-focused approach “will not solve the root causes of public discontent.”

“This approach will only further increase public dissatisfaction,” Fahrizal said.

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Pentagon plans covert spy ring for economic war on China, report says

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The US Department of War (Pentagon) is reportedly planning to establish an extensive network of deep-cover agents to wage economic warfare against China and other adversaries of the US.

According to a report by The Washington Post citing six sources familiar with the initiative, the plan has not yet been put into effect. The newspaper reported that the initiative remains at the planning stage. The Pentagon, however, denies that any such initiative exists.

The report said the operatives would pose as entrepreneurs or private sector employees while concealing their ties to the US government. The network’s mission would be to gather economic intelligence and counter China.

The programme is led by Tom Rakusa, who spent 39 years at the CIA. Rakusa serves as a senior adviser to Deputy Secretary of Defence Steve Feinberg.

The proposed spy network is seen as part of a broader policy by the Donald Trump administration to sharpen economic competition with other countries.

The US is already resorting to tariffs, export controls, and investment in strategic sectors, alongside expanding its economic intelligence gathering.

According to The Washington Post, the new initiative demonstrates the Pentagon’s growing influence under the Trump administration. The department is currently seeking a record budget of $1.5 trillion.

Trade war flares up again with Trump’s return to the White House

The trade friction between the US and China flared up again following Donald Trump’s return to the White House. In April 2025, Washington raised tariffs on Chinese goods to as much as 145%, and Beijing retaliated with tariffs of up to 125%.

In May, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio described China as the primary geopolitical challenge facing Washington. Rubio said that to avoid war, the two sides needed to manage their conflict of interests.

In July, Chinese expert Zheng Yongnian did not simply warn that underestimating the US could prove to be a “fatal mistake”; he stated it explicitly.

According to Zheng’s assessment, the US maintains its primacy through the role of the dollar, its military superiority, and its technological advantages.

Even so, the two sides agreed in June to declare a truce and lower tariffs. In autumn 2026, the US and China extended their trade truce until 10 January 2027.

US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said the extension would give the parties more time to discuss economic issues.

Trade deals do not eliminate the strategic contradictions between the two countries. Financial Times columnist Rana Foroohar likened the race between the two nations for commercial, technological, and geopolitical influence to the 19th-century “Great Game” between the Russian and British empires.

Foroohar cited China’s standing in shipbuilding and commercial maritime transport, as well as its expanding footprint in overseas ports, among its key advantages.

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Japan plans curbs on short-term home sales to cool urban prices

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Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) plans to restrict short-term property trading to rein in surging home prices in major urban centres, particularly Tokyo.

Led by Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi, the party aims to make support for working households a core priority ahead of local elections scheduled for April next year.

The LDP’s research commission on housing and land policy met on Wednesday to discuss the issue.

According to a report by the Nikkei Asia newspaper, Commission Chair and LDP lawmaker Midori Matsushima said at the opening of the meeting: “Prices of newly built condominiums across Tokyo’s 23 wards have doubled over the past decade. We must work on measures ensuring that people who wish to live in these homes can actually afford to buy them.”

Homeownership in the capital has become virtually unattainable for broad segments of the population. According to data from the Real Estate Economic Institute, the average sale price of a newly built condominium in Tokyo’s 23 wards rose %18.5 in fiscal 2025 compared with the previous year, reaching 137.84 million yen (around $872,000).

Meanwhile, statistics from the Ministry of Labour show that the average annual income of a full-time worker in the capital remained at 6.78 million yen in fiscal 2025. This widening gap between incomes and residential property prices is directly shaping political priorities.

During its campaign for the House of Representatives election in February, the LDP pledged to curb speculative transactions across metropolitan Tokyo and other regions. Earlier this month, a party project team focused on policies concerning foreign nationals also submitted a recommendation urging the government to introduce immediate tax measures against rising home prices.

Under current legislation, profits realized from properties sold within five years of acquisition are classified as “short-term capital gains”. These returns face a tax rate approaching %40, including income tax and local inhabitant tax.

Although this rate is twice the approximately %20 levied as “long-term capital gains” tax on properties held for more than five years, several party members argue it remains insufficient to deter speculation. Calls to tighten the framework may be considered as part of the annual tax reform package to be drafted in December alongside the LDP’s coalition partner, the Japan Innovation Party.

The ruling bloc wants to present concrete housing pledges to voters heading to the polls in April across numerous urban centres, including 22 of Tokyo’s wards where local assembly terms expire.

“We need to support families with children, who are typically at the stage of purchasing a home,” a senior LDP official said.

Opposition parties are also preparing alternative proposals that target not only prospective homebuyers, but also residents forced into the rental market by high property prices and now affected by escalating rents.

Tax steps take precedence over limits on foreign buyers

Several countries seeking answers to housing affordability pressures have imposed direct restrictions on foreign purchasers. In South Korea, real estate policies played a major part in the declining public approval ratings of President Lee Jae Myung.

In August 2025, authorities in Seoul introduced an approval requirement for foreign nationals buying homes in the capital and adjacent areas, while also mandating that buyers reside in the properties for at least two years.

Canada and Australia have enacted temporary bans on foreign residential purchases, while Singapore levies a %60 additional stamp duty on foreign buyers.

The role of overseas investors in Japan’s property market also drew debate during the February election. However, restrictions aimed directly at foreign nationals are viewed as potentially conflicting with international trade and services agreements.

Consequently, rather than imposing restrictions based on the nationality of buyers, the government is discussing tax measures aimed at speculative real estate deals, such as rapid resales.

Fears that sharp market measures could shake regional banks

Concerns have also surfaced that aggressive steps to force down prices could harm the wider national economy.

A senior LDP tax official cautioned that a steep drop in land prices could weaken local financial institutions, warning: “We must consider the impact on regional banks.”

The real estate sector accounts for roughly %18 of total lending by Japanese banks. This proportion sits well above the %10 level recorded during Japan’s bubble economy of the mid-to-late 1980s.

At certain regional banks, property lending accounts for nearly half of total loan portfolios.

According to March 2025 data from the Financial Services Agency, approximately one-quarter of all loans extended by regional banks to the real estate sector are concentrated directly in Tokyo’s five central wards.

Buoyant asset valuations, supported in part by rising stock indices, have underpinned strong public approval for the Takaichi administration. Observers note that property interventions designed to cool the market could drag down equity prices and weaken the government’s standing.

A senior official on the LDP research commission stressed that decision-makers must act with caution regarding the scope and timing of any measures intended to bring price increases under control.

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South Korea plans $120B spend on eight US nuclear power plants

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South Korea will spend $120 billion to construct eight nuclear power plants in the US under an agreement that provides for $350 billion in investments in exchange for lower tariffs.

The South Korean government also announced that Seoul and Washington will begin examining a liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Alaska comprising a large-scale pipeline to transport natural gas from the north of the state to the south, alongside the construction of an LNG terminal for exports overseas.

Seoul stated that a decision regarding the LNG project will be made following a commercial feasibility study. However, US President Donald Trump said that South Korea would invest $54 billion in the project, pointing to an apparent lack of full coordination between the two sides on the matter.

Trade and Industry Minister Kim Jung-kwan said in a statement: “This announcement opens a new horizon of cooperation where the two countries join forces to develop joint commercial ventures in strategic areas directly linked to economic security and future sectors such as artificial intelligence, nuclear energy, and LNG.”

“We will adhere to the principle of prioritising national interests and investing solely in commercially viable projects,” Kim said.

Speaking at the White House, Trump characterised South Korea’s plans as “one of the largest energy infrastructure investments in American history”.

The announcement followed a meeting between Trump and South Korean President Lee Jae Myung roughly one year ago at the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting held in South Korea, where they agreed on the creation of a $350 billion investment fund.

Under that agreement, $150 billion was allocated to the shipbuilding sector and $200 billion to other sectors. In return, the US announced it would reduce tariffs imposed on goods imported from South Korea from 25% to 15%.

Under the nuclear power project, South Korea’s state-controlled utility will build two plants in the US, while Pennsylvania-based Westinghouse Electric will construct six plants.

According to the South Korean government, this will mark the first instance in which a foreign country builds its own nuclear power plants in the US.

South Korean firms are also evaluating the possibility of acquiring a stake in Westinghouse as part of negotiations over sharing profits generated by the project.

South Korea additionally announced that it will build a $22.3 billion natural gas-fired power plant in Texas with a capacity of 6,472 megawatts.

The facility will be designed to supply electricity directly to nearby data centres. The project’s first phase is targeted to begin commercial operations in 2029, with full-capacity operations slated for 2032.

Seoul also disclosed that it had agreed to allow the US to receive 50% of the profits generated by the projects until South Korea recoups all of its investments.

After South Korea fully recovers its total investment amount, 90% of the profits will go to the US.

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