{"id":11202,"date":"2025-09-01T18:48:35","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T15:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/harici.com.tr\/en\/?p=11202"},"modified":"2025-09-10T19:04:53","modified_gmt":"2025-09-10T16:04:53","slug":"the-24-year-old-sco-with-both-joys-and-concerns","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harici.com.tr\/en\/the-24-year-old-sco-with-both-joys-and-concerns\/","title":{"rendered":"The 24-year-old SCO, with both joys and concerns"},"content":{"rendered":"

From August 31 to September 1, 2025, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit is being held in Tianjin, China. This is the SCO\u2019s “family reunion” in China after seven years, as the organization turns 24, gathering again for a \u201cfamily photo.\u201d Notably, this is the largest SCO summit since its establishment, with more than 20 foreign leaders and over 10 heads of international organizations are gathering in Tianjin\u2014one of China\u2019s four municipalities directly under the central government, often referred to as \u201cBeijing\u2019s backyard\u201d\u2014under the \u201cSCO+\u201d framework.<\/p>\n

Since its birth at the dawn of the new century, the SCO has grown steadily from nothing to something, from small to large, from weak to strong. It has advanced with hard work and perseverance. It has become a regional international organization with an expanding membership, a growing scale, broader territory, increasingly rich cooperation, and greater influence and appeal. From initially focusing only on regional security cooperation\u2014the \u201cone-wheeled cart\u201d\u2014it has expanded into a \u201cthree-horse carriage\u201d advancing security cooperation, economic development, and cultural exchange in parallel.<\/p>\n

Today, the SCO has expanded from the original six founding states in 2001 to the \u201cclub of eight\u201d in 2017, and then to a \u201c10-nation cooperative body\u201d through further enlargements in 2021 and 2024. It now includes a second tier of two observer states and a third tier of 14 dialogue partners, forming the \u201c10+2+14\u201d SCO family. With 26 countries, its population reaches 3.4 billion\u2014nearly half the world\u2019s population. Its land area is 36 million square kilometers, a quarter of the world\u2019s landmass\u2014equivalent to two Russias or four Chinas or United States. Its GDP totals 62.25 trillion, more than a quarter of global output.<\/p>\n

As a new type of international organization born in a new era, the SCO has not only forged the famous \u201cShanghai Spirit\u201d but also demonstrated distinct characteristics in expanding membership:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Step-by-step process<\/strong>: Enlargement follows a path from \u201cdialogue partner\u201d to \u201cobserver\u201d to \u201cfull member.\u201d<\/li>\n
  2. Consensus<\/strong>: Enlargement requires unanimous agreement, with each full member holding veto power.<\/li>\n
  3. Strong appeal<\/strong>: Advocating non-alignment and non-confrontation, targeting no third party, and focusing on security, economic, and cultural cooperation, it has strong attraction for developing countries and emerging economies.<\/li>\n
  4. Wide geographical span<\/strong>: Expanding in a fan shape from Eurasia\u2019s heartland to South Asia, the Middle East, Europe, Southeast Asia, and even Africa, it is shifting from an \u201cEurasian\u201d to an \u201cEurasian-African\u201d organization.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    At 24, the SCO has grown rapidly and steadily, becoming a \u201clarge family business,\u201d lively and diverse, a new matrix of developing countries. Thanks to its openness and inclusiveness, it shows three prominent features.<\/p>\n

    First, the SCO embraces multiple civilizations, with diverse races, languages, cultures, traditions, and beliefs. It brings together Chinese civilization, Slavic civilization, Islamic (both sects) civilization, Christian (Orthodox) civilization, Turkic civilization, Indian civilization, and even the ancient Egyptian civilization. Spatially, it also encompasses agricultural, nomadic (steppe), commercial, and maritime civilizations.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Chinese civilization<\/strong>: Over 1.5 billion people, mainly in China and the overseas Chinese of Southeast Asia.<\/li>\n
    • Slavic civilization<\/strong>: Over 150 million people, mainly Russians and Belarusians.<\/li>\n
    • Islamic civilization<\/strong>: About 1 billion people, half the world\u2019s Muslims (including one-third to half Shiites), spread across Central Asia, Pakistan, Iran, India, and many partner states in West, South, and Southeast Asia.<\/li>\n
    • Christian civilization<\/strong>: About 100 million Orthodox believers in Russia and Belarus.<\/li>\n
    • Hindu civilization<\/strong>: Over 1.3 billion people, concentrated in India, making up 80.5% of its population.<\/li>\n
    • Turkic civilization<\/strong>: Turkic-speaking states from Central Asia to Turkey, with over 100 million speakers\u2014mostly overlapping with Muslims.<\/li>\n
    • Egyptian civilization<\/strong>: Though limited to Egypt, transcending religion and ethnicity, it also covers more than 100 million people.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Second, the SCO\u2019s territory spans three continents and four oceans: Asia, Europe, Africa; the Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Atlantic Ocean. According to the SCO Charter, any dialogue partner may eventually, after review and effort, become an observer and then a full member. Although all current observers are in Eurasia, Egypt straddles both Asia and Africa. With Eurasian Russia and European Belarus already members, and Turkey (straddling Europe and Asia) as a possible entrant, other European states could also apply. If Egypt, a North African Arab state, advances, other North African Arab states might follow, including Morocco and Mauritania on the Atlantic coast, and perhaps other African states may also seek entry.<\/p>\n

      Third, the SCO has already formed or will form partial overlaps with many important organizations, creating a complex pattern of interconnection: among the six members of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, five are founding members of the SCO, and Armenia has become a dialogue partner. All five members of the Eurasian Economic Union are on record. Of the 22 members of the Arab League, six are dialogue partners, including Egypt, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia. Among these six Arab countries, except for Egypt, the other five are also members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, with only Oman lingering outside the \u201cSCO family.\u201d Among the ten ASEAN members, Cambodia and Myanmar are already SCO dialogue partners; Egypt, one of the 55 members of the African Union, has taken a step ahead. In addition, Turkey, an SCO observer state, is not only one of NATO\u2019s 32 members but also a senior candidate for the 27-member European Union.<\/p>\n

      The SCO, by expanding its team with equality, openness, and inclusiveness, undoubtedly holds significant practical and long-term meaning, including but not limited to: deepening global multipolarity of power, democratization of politics, and the trend of economic globalization; adapting to the global shift of geopolitical, economic, and technological power from West to East, promoting balanced development between the Global South and North; advancing a new international order, system, and institutions that are more reasonable and better serve developing countries, preparing for the \u201cpost-America,\u201d even \u201cpost-West\u201d and \u201cpost-North\u201d era; jointly building a community of shared future for mankind, starting with neighboring communities; strengthening regional governance and cooperation, seeking paths and models of independent, autonomous, and self-reliant development; enhancing security dialogue and coordination, expanding joint responses to traditional and non-traditional security challenges; and practicing the consensus of civilizations being equal regardless of size, respecting each other, coexisting, and prospering together.<\/p>\n

      It goes without saying that as the SCO grows larger in scale, its problems and even crises also increase, including but not limited to: expansion reducing efficiency, making consensus harder to achieve, with the trend of \u201cdiscussing without deciding\u201d intensifying, and catching the \u201cEU disease\u201d (collective decisions frequently obstructed by single states like Poland or Hungary). The all-weather China-Russia strategic \u201cdual drive coordination\u201d has shifted to a China-Russia-India \u201ctriangle balance,\u201d with India\u2019s \u201ccatfish effect\u201d and \u201cbarrel effect\u201d increasingly prominent. Civilizational systems and cultural traditions have become more diverse and vast, value recognition more complicated, and joint action more difficult. Geopolitical conflicts are rising, potential risks are emerging endlessly, with a lack of mechanisms for restraint and mediation, as seen in the Russia-Ukraine war, China-India border clashes, India-Pakistan conflict, Israel-Iran war, Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, UAE territorial disputes, and the recent Cambodia-Thailand conflict. Its geographical range is overly vast, population scale excessively large, and the burdens of economic and social development, poverty reduction, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance are heavy. Objectively, it also weakens the global governance system centered on the United Nations. Its overlaps with other established organizations easily lead to competition, friction, and confrontation.<\/p>\n

      For the SCO\u2019s healthy development in the future, it must cool down and reduce noise, and strengthen its internal capabilities, including but not limited to: slowing the pace of expansion, observing changes in the global power structure and relational system; focusing on internal construction, improving and optimizing its charter; restraining multi-centered or decentralized trends; strengthening dialogue and peace mechanisms, opposing member states\u2019 resort to force or threats of force; improving institutional development, perhaps establishing internal coordination or arbitration bodies to build a harmonious family free of internal friction; focusing on economic, social development, and comprehensive modernization of member states, especially using the joint construction of the Belt and Road as a bond; considering setting accession thresholds (e.g., NATO requires no territorial disputes for accession, the EU demands numerous political and economic criteria), avoiding the internal introduction of geopolitical conflicts, and preventing underdeveloped states from abandoning independence and self-reliance while being content to simply depend on the \u201cSCO family\u201d to lie flat and win.<\/p>\n

      Prof. Ma is the Dean of the Institute of Mediterranean Studies (ISMR) at Zhejiang International Studies University in Hangzhou. He specializes in international politics, particularly Islam and Middle Eastern affairs. He previously worked as a senior Xinhua correspondent in Kuwait, Palestine, and Iraq.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      From August 31 to September 1, 2025, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit is being held in Tianjin, China. This is the SCO\u2019s “family reunion” in China after seven years, as the organization turns 24, gathering again for a \u201cfamily photo.\u201d Notably, this is the largest SCO summit since its establishment, with more than 20 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":11203,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[691,1331,529,892,1092,288,962,683,11663,3216,3163,895],"class_list":["post-11202","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinion","tag-africa","tag-belt-and-road-initiative","tag-china","tag-eurasia","tag-india","tag-iran","tag-multipolarity","tag-russia","tag-sco-summit","tag-shanghai-cooperation-organisation","tag-tianjin","tag-turkey"],"yoast_head":"\nThe 24-year-old SCO, with both joys and concerns - Harici<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This is the SCO\u2019s "family reunion" in China after seven years, as the organization turns 24, gathering again for a \u201cfamily photo.\u201d\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/harici.com.tr\/en\/the-24-year-old-sco-with-both-joys-and-concerns\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The 24-year-old SCO, with both joys and concerns - 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