{"id":12650,"date":"2025-12-18T12:58:41","date_gmt":"2025-12-18T09:58:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/harici.com.tr\/en\/?p=12650"},"modified":"2025-12-24T17:14:27","modified_gmt":"2025-12-24T14:14:27","slug":"the-u-s-2025-national-security-strategy-report-and-the-disintegration-facing-the-u-s-europe-alliance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harici.com.tr\/en\/the-u-s-2025-national-security-strategy-report-and-the-disintegration-facing-the-u-s-europe-alliance\/","title":{"rendered":"The U.S. 2025 &#8216;National Security Strategy&#8217; Report and the Disintegration Facing the U.S.\u2013Europe Alliance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>The Twilight of Transatlantic Relations: The U.S. 2025 Version of the &#8216;National Security Strategy&#8217; Report and the Disintegration Facing the U.S.\u2013Europe Alliance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Wang Wanying and Ma Xiaolin<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/2025-National-Security-Strategy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The 2025 version of the \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d report<\/a><\/span> released by the Trump administration of the United States on December 4 was like a huge stone thrown into a pool of water, stirring up stormy waves. This document, which proclaims America\u2019s future new security policy, not only removes China and Russia from the position of primary threats, but also tolls the imminent centennial death knell for the transatlantic alliance that has lasted for a hundred years. Not only that, Trump also harshly castigated and humiliated America\u2019s European allies, fearing that Europe might misread this report announcing the <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/harici.com.tr\/en\/trumps-peace-plan-will-accelerate-europes-central-and-eastern-europeanization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">end of the U.S.\u2013Europe marriage.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>On December 9, Trump said in an interview with the U.S. outlet Politico that \u201cmost European countries are becoming rotten.\u201d He accused Europe\u2019s immigration policies of being a \u201cdisaster,\u201d saying that \u201cthey want political correctness, and that makes them weak\u201d \u2026 and that some European leaders are \u201cutter fools.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Daily Telegraph, published on the 10th, even revealed that a leaked version of the 2025 \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d report shows that the Trump administration intends to have Hungary and Italy leave the European Union. German Chancellor Merz, however, was not surprised. When commenting on this official U.S. document on the 9th, he said that America\u2019s national security strategy confirmed his judgment: \u201cEurope, and Germany as well, must be more independent from the United States in terms of security policy.\u201d He emphasized that Europeans must be prepared for the United States no longer being an alliance partner \u2026<\/p>\n<p>Looking at the \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d (NSS) reports released by three U.S. administrations from 2017 to 2025, the U.S.\u2013Europe transatlantic relationship has undergone a dramatic shock from \u201ctransactional partners\u201d to a \u201cvalues alliance,\u201d ultimately moving toward \u201cstrategic divergence\u201d and a \u201ccivilizational rupture.\u201d The 2025 version of the \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d report marks that the transatlantic alliance system after World War II is facing substantive disintegration, and U.S.\u2013Europe relations have officially entered a \u201cpost-ally era.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>This trajectory of evolution is not a simple policy swing, but rather a structural reckoning by the United States of its global strategy against the backdrop of soaring costs of maintaining hegemony and intensifying domestic political polarization. From the initial appearance of cracks in 2017 to the civilizational rupture in 2025, every step points to the \u201cirreversibility of divergence,\u201d with its roots deeply embedded in the profound misalignment of power, interests, and values between the U.S. and Europe.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Overall Picture of the Evolution of Transatlantic Relations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The U.S. \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d is not only a declaration of foreign policy, but also a reflection of its domestic political ecology and global strategic anxiety. From 2017 to 2025, transatlantic relations experienced a shift from a \u201cboiling frog in warm water\u201d style of transactionalization, to a brief \u201clast gasp\u201d during the Biden period, and finally to a \u201cshock therapy\u201d\u2013style rupture in 2025.<\/p>\n<p>This evolution reveals a cruel strategic reality: the traditional Western alliance system can no longer adapt to a multipolar world order and the internal political ecology of the United States. The U.S.\u2013Europe rupture in 2025 is not an accidental \u201cblack swan\u201d event, but the inevitable result of three intertwined logics\u2014U.S. hegemonic contraction, U.S.\u2013Europe cognitive misalignment, and the deconstruction of values. A rupture in capabilities forces the United States into strategic retrenchment; a rupture in threat perception leads the U.S. and Europe to move in opposite directions regarding their geopolitical focal points; and a rupture in values pushes former allies to the edge of a \u201cclash of civilizations.\u201d This process demonstrates that the estrangement of transatlantic relations is not a temporary tactical adjustment, but the inevitable end of a historical cycle.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The Prelude to Divergence: Accumulation of Contradictions and Failure of Repair (2017\u20132024)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Before the final rupture in 2025, U.S.\u2013Europe relations went through policy attempts by two administrations that were starkly different yet causally linked. Various signs in this stage indicate that the foundation of the alliance had long been eroded by \u201ctransactionalism,\u201d and subsequent repair efforts failed to address the root cause.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1.\u00a0 The Initiation of Transactionalism: The First Appearance of Cracks (2017\u20132020)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d report released in December 2017 was the starting point of divergence. It broke the post\u2013Cold War U.S. consensus on the \u201cliberal international order\u201d and introduced naked realism into the sacred realm of alliance relations.<\/p>\n<p>First, it established the \u201cdebt-based\u201d positioning of allies. The Trump 1.0 administration regarded allies as projects to be evaluated on a balance sheet. This so-called \u201cprincipled realism\u201d was in fact \u201ctransactionalism without moral distinction.\u201d The report harshly criticized NATO allies for failing to meet the target of 2% of GDP in defense spending. At the time, this was interpreted in Europe as a negotiating tactic, but later proved to be a signal that the U.S. strategic community\u2019s tolerance for NATO \u201cfree-riding\u201d had dropped to zero.<\/p>\n<p>Second, it pioneered economic nationalism. The 2017 version of the \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d defined economic prosperity as a core pillar of national security and, for the first time, explicitly regarded trade deficits as a national security threat. This logic of \u201ctrade as war\u201d made it difficult for the U.S. and Europe to form a united front in policy toward China. During this period, Europe was forced to adopt a \u201chedging\u201d strategy, attempting to maintain a balance between China and the United States.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. The Fragile \u201cLast Gasp\u201d: Failure of Repair (2021\u20132024)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>After the Biden administration took office, it attempted to reverse its predecessor\u2019s course through the 2022 version of the \u201cNational Security Strategy,\u201d once again establishing Europe as a core partner in defending the \u201crules-based order.\u201d However, the limitations exposed during the implementation of this report highlighted the structural irreversibility of the U.S. strategic retrenchment trend.<\/p>\n<p>First, the hollowing out of alliance mechanisms. Although the Biden administration established the \u201cU.S.\u2013EU Trade and Technology Council\u201d (TTC) in an attempt to coordinate technology policy toward China, as think tanks such as the Atlantic Council have pointed out, the U.S. side was never willing to establish a \u201cdemocratic technology alliance\u201d with treaty-binding force. The TTC ultimately remained only at the level of loose policy dialogue.<\/p>\n<p>Second, the covert continuation of \u201cAmerica First.\u201d The massive subsidies and local content requirements in the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) triggered strong warnings from Macron about a \u201csplit within the Western camp,\u201d and Europe\u2019s industrial circles even described it as \u201cthe murder of European industry.\u201d This meant that even during the \u201cally\u201d period, the United States was unwilling to make concessions to Europe on core economic interests. This kind of \u201cfalse healing\u201d failed to withstand the pressure of the resurgence of isolationism within the United States, laying the groundwork for the complete rupture in 2025.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>The Outbreak and Inevitability of the 2025 Divergence<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The 2025 version of the \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d report released by the Trump 2.0 administration is not only a sudden policy shift, but also a \u201cfinal reckoning\u201d of the contradictions accumulated in the earlier period. It marks the elevation of U.S.\u2013Europe relations from tactical divergences entangled in interests to a structural rupture at the level of geopolitics and civilizational cognition.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. The Explicit Outbreak of Divergence: Deep Ruptures Across Four Dimensions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Strategic \u201cNeglect and Retrenchment\u201d:<\/strong><br \/>\nMany media outlets have keenly noted that in this report of more than 30 pages, only two and a half pages are devoted to Europe. Leonardo Hutter, a researcher at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs in the United States, stated bluntly that this means the United States no longer regards Europe as part of its core interests: \u201cEurope has become increasingly irrelevant to the United States.\u201d The report clearly proposes prioritizing the Western Hemisphere, aiming to eliminate the influence of external forces in Latin America, marking a substantive retreat by the United States from \u201cglobalism\u201d to \u201chemispherism.\u201d The United States announced a substantial reduction in its permanent military presence in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The report states that \u201cindiscriminate global intervention has hollowed out U.S. power,\u201d and that the United States must refuse to continue acting as the \u201cworld\u2019s police.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Security \u201cUndermining at the Root\u201d:<\/strong><br \/>\nOn the NATO issue, the 2025 report adopts a strategy of \u201cundermining at the root,\u201d completely changing the nature of the alliance. The report not only requires Europe to share costs, but also demands that Europe take over defense responsibilities. It reiterates the startling consensus reached at the June 2025 Hague Summit: NATO member states committed to raising defense spending to 5% of GDP by 2035. Even though this target adopts a dual-track structure of \u201c3.5% core defense + 1.5% civil defense infrastructure,\u201d easing short-term fiscal pressure, it still maintains a high-pressure posture requiring allies to fully pay for their own security. The strategic intent behind setting such a high threshold is not truly to expect Europe to meet it, but to create a state in which allies are in \u201cpermanent default.\u201d This provides the United States with a \u201clegitimate\u201d pretext, based on the principle of \u201ctransactional realism,\u201d to adjust, scale back, or even refuse to implement Article Five at any time, effectively making NATO\u2019s collective defense commitment conditional and hollow.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the report announces the suspension of all military assistance to Ukraine and unilaterally proposes a peace plan aimed at \u201crebuilding strategic stability with Russia.\u201d This plan includes limiting Ukraine\u2019s military capabilities and prohibiting its accession to NATO, and is widely regarded as sacrificing Ukraine\u2019s sovereignty, effectively relegating Europe\u2019s security agenda to a secondary position. From Vice President Vance\u2019s blunt criticism of Europe at the Munich Security Conference at the beginning of the year, to the United States\u2019 \u201cover-the-head diplomacy\u201d toward Europe on the Ukraine issue, all indicate that the United States no longer regards Europe as an equal partner requiring consultation, but rather as a strategic chess piece to be disposed of at will.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Economic \u201cDesignation as an Adversary\u201d:<\/strong><br \/>\nIn the economic and trade domain, the 2025 report regards the European Union as a major competitor, and in some formulations even implies that it is more \u201cexploitative\u201d than geopolitical rivals. The report places \u201ceconomic security\u201d in an absolute priority position and plans to impose punitive \u201creciprocal tariffs\u201d on EU goods in response to the EU\u2019s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and digital services tax. The report even uses the highly confrontational term \u201cLiberation Day tariffs,\u201d implying that the United States needs to be \u201cliberated\u201d from Europe\u2019s trade exploitation. In the high-tech field, the United States leverages its dominance in AI and quantum computing, using extraterritorial jurisdiction and standards monopolization to force European companies to become dependent on the United States within technological ecosystems. This logic of \u201cyou must rely on me, but I will exploit you\u201d renders the TTC mechanism nominal in existence only, transforming it into a tool for U.S. pressure.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ideological \u201cCivilizational Defense\u201d:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe most shocking and subversive part of the 2025 report is its abandonment of America\u2019s customary \u201cexport of democracy,\u201d turning instead to an isolationist \u201ccivilizational defense,\u201d and directly launching attacks on Europe\u2019s mainstream political values. The report puts forward the theory of \u201ccivilizational erosion,\u201d claiming that due to open immigration policies, multiculturalism, and the \u201csuppression\u201d of freedom of speech (referring to EU regulation of social media), Europe faces the risks of \u201ccivilizational extinction\u201d and \u201creplacement.\u201d This marks a rupture between official U.S. ideology and Europe\u2019s liberal mainstream.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, the report openly proposes that the United States will support \u201cpatriotic\u201d parties within Europe (namely right-wing populist forces) to \u201ccorrect Europe\u2019s current trajectory\u201d and resist the erosion of the foundations of Western civilization by multiculturalism. This means that the United States has shifted from being a supporter of European integration to an instigator of European fragmentation. Former Swedish Prime Minister Carl Bildt sharply pointed out that this effectively positions the United States as \u201cthe right wing of Europe\u2019s far right.\u201d Liana Fix, a researcher at the Council on Foreign Relations, believes that this way of viewing U.S.\u2013Europe relations from a \u201ccivilizational\u201d perspective marks \u201cthe end of transatlantic alliance relations based on liberal values.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Proof of the Inevitability of Divergence: Three Structural Root Causes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From \u201ctransaction\u201d in 2017, to \u201calliance\u201d in 2022, and then to \u201cdivergence\u201d in 2025, the evolution of the positioning of transatlantic relations in U.S. national security strategy reveals a cruel strategic reality: the traditional Western alliance system can no longer adapt to a multipolar world order and the internal political ecology of the United States. This evolution is not accidental, but the result of the combined effects of three major structural factors:<\/p>\n<p>First is the rupture of power. The United States is no longer able to simultaneously maintain a global hegemonic system and the living standards of its domestic population, and must carry out strategic retrenchment. The idea of \u201cdenial strategy\u201d has become mainstream\u2014concentrating resources on the Indo-Pacific and abandoning Europe.<\/p>\n<p>Second is the rupture of threat perception. The United States views China as an existential threat and Europe as a tool or even a burden; Europe views Russia as an existential threat and China as a systemic rival but also a necessary partner for cooperation. This misalignment of geopolitical interests is structural and cannot be bridged by diplomatic rhetoric.<\/p>\n<p>Third is the rupture of values. With the institutionalization of right-wing populism in the United States, the U.S. and Europe have gradually drifted apart on core values such as democracy, human rights, climate change, and multilateralism. \u201cShared values\u201d have become an empty shell, replaced by the projection of the theory of \u201ccivilizational conflict\u201d within the Western world itself.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Europe\u2019s Passive Adaptation to the \u201cInevitable Divergence\u201d<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If German Chancellor Merkel\u2019s speech in 2017 was a \u201cwarning\u201d of the U.S.\u2013Europe breakup, then the 2025 version of the U.S. \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d report is the \u201cverdict.\u201d Europe has no choice but to accept the reality that the United States has already \u201cleft.\u201d Confronted with the \u201cshock\u201d brought by the 2025 report, Europe\u2019s strategic community has gone through a process from shock and denial to forced action. The extremization of U.S. policy is pushing Europe to become a truly independent geopolitical pole.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Promoting the Hardening of Europe\u2019s Political Stance<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In a speech on December 8, European Council President Costa sent a clear signal. He stated that it is unacceptable for the United States to issue threats of interference in Europe\u2019s internal politics, emphasizing that \u201callies do not threaten to interfere in the internal political lives of other allies.\u201d Costa frankly admitted that differences in worldview between the United States and Europe are widening, that the United States no longer believes in multilateralism, and that Europe must \u201cachieve sovereign autonomy\u201d in response to the new U.S. strategy. Former President of the European Commission Prodi also called for the formulation of policies \u201cto make its stance firmer,\u201d even though the EU has not yet formed a systematic response. However, Europe\u2019s voices are not unified. U.S. support for European right-wing forces has produced immediate effects, exacerbating fragmentation within Europe. Right-wing governments in countries such as Hungary and Italy have welcomed parts of the 2025 report, viewing them as endorsements of their own anti-immigration and anti\u2013EU centralization policies. This has led to divisions within the EU on policies toward the United States and Russia, making it difficult to form a unified voice to counter U.S. pressure.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Accelerating the Process of \u201cStrategic Autonomy\u201d and Tactical Hedging<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The introduction of the 2025 version of the \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d report and a series of moves by the Trump administration have made Europe\u2019s desire to accelerate \u201cstrategic autonomy\u201d even stronger. On the one hand, defense autonomy is speeding up. Faced with the threat of U.S. troop withdrawals, countries such as Germany and Poland have been forced to substantially increase defense budgets, trying to fill the conventional deterrence vacuum left by the United States; Germany plans to establish a new special defense fund, with the \u201cturning point of the times\u201d shifting from slogan to implementation, and is discussing with France the Europeanization of the nuclear umbrella; the United Kingdom has also clearly put forward \u201cNATO first, but not NATO only,\u201d and is seeking to establish a new strategic partnership with the European Union; as the only two nuclear powers in Europe, the United Kingdom and France have seen an unprecedented increase in urgency regarding defense cooperation, and the two countries are accelerating the advancement of an upgraded version of the \u201cLancaster House Treaties.\u201d In short, Europe is enhancing its \u201cautonomous capacity to act without the United States\u201d by increasing defense capabilities and investing in strategic industries. On the other hand, the \u201cred line\u201d defense in technology and trade. Since the beginning of this year, the European Union has carried out a series of enforcement actions against U.S. technology companies based on the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act. Analysts believe this is the EU\u2019s direct response to U.S. tariff intervention, intended to \u201cdraw red lines\u201d vis-\u00e0-vis the United States in the field of digital sovereignty. Europe is learning to play its hand with the United States more cleverly by gathering more bargaining chips.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>*Wang Wanying<\/strong><\/em> &#8211; Assistant Research Fellow, Institute for Central and Eastern European Economic and Trade Cooperation Studies, Ningbo University; Lecturer, School of Foreign Languages, Ningbo University<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>*Ma Xiaolin<\/em><\/strong> &#8211; Specially Appointed Research Fellow, Institute for Central and Eastern European Economic and Trade Cooperation Studies, Ningbo University; Bao Yugang Chair Professor; Professor, Zhejiang International Studies University; Dean, Institute of Mediterranean Studies<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Twilight of Transatlantic Relations: The U.S. 2025 Version of the &#8216;National Security Strategy&#8217; Report and the Disintegration Facing the U.S.\u2013Europe Alliance Wang Wanying and Ma Xiaolin The 2025 version of the \u201cNational Security Strategy\u201d report released by the Trump administration of the United States on December 4 was like a huge stone thrown into [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":40,"featured_media":12651,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[529,319,891,12650,6813,207,683,5277,821],"class_list":["post-12650","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinion","tag-china","tag-donald-trump","tag-europe","tag-european-strategic-autonomy","tag-national-security-strategy","tag-nato","tag-russia","tag-transatlantic-relations","tag-us"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The U.S. 2025 &#039;National Security Strategy&#039; 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