Afghanistan is considered rich in natural resources among other countries. It is said that the country has approximately one trillion dollars worth of natural resource reserves. Over the years, it has been continuously reiterated that if the government of Afghanistan can extract these reserves and use the money to strengthen the economy, Afghanistan’s economy will rapidly improve. This improvement would extend to the well-being of its citizens, propelling the country into a rapid development trajectory, and transforming it into an influential player in the world. It’s not expected that ordinary citizens, unfamiliar with the complexities of the economic world and the prerequisites of development, would engage in scientific discourse or provide flawless comprehensive views.
However, it’s peculiar that even national experts in the field of development and economy sometimes believe that extracting natural resources and utilizing them will work like a miracle, potentially elevating the country’s economy and welfare within a few years. Following this common belief, the Taliban, since their return to power, have focused primarily on mining and have entered into contracts in this regard with various foreign companies. Certainly, in the absence of transparency in the Taliban’s operations, it is unclear how the funds acquired from this endeavor are managed and allocated. Recently, the George W. Bush Institute claimed that the Taliban, in cooperation with some regional countries, are engaged in plundering Afghanistan’s mines. Regardless of the calamity the Taliban bring upon Afghanistan’s mines and natural reserves, it’s necessary to address the question: does the utilization of Afghanistan’s natural resources indeed play a crucial role in improving the country’s economy and contributing to development?
The most important point in this regard is that merely possessing natural resources and reserves cannot bring about a significant transformation in a country’s economy. We currently have examples of countries that are much richer in natural resources than Afghanistan, yet due to corruption, incompetence of officials, and the mafia-like behavior of intermediaries with divine wealth, the existence of natural resources has not helped them much but rather caused numerous other problems. Conversely, many advanced countries in the world are absolutely poor in terms of natural resources, yet their leaders have found ways, through scientific management and rational planning, not only to compensate for the absolute poverty in terms of natural resources but also to elevate themselves to the highest levels in terms of industry and development. The central point is that progress and advancement, on the one hand, depend on developments and progress in other areas of life, and on the other hand, they rely on the scientific rationality of officials and their proper understanding of the complexities and nuances of economic relationships.
Which country considered best in terms of economic success
It’s worth mentioning Milton Friedman, the Nobel Prize-winning economist and one of the leaders of the Chicago School of Economics, in this context. In response to a question about which country he considered the best in terms of economic success and development, he published an article in The New York Times. According to him, the best country in this regard is Taiwan because it lacks natural resources, all of its land is rocky and unsuitable for cultivation, and it is surrounded by the sea, with storm waves coming at it from all sides. Taiwan needs to import everything, even sand and gravel, and it must rely on other countries for these resources. Despite all these challenges, it’s astonishing that a country facing such daunting hurdles is the fourth-largest financial reserve holder globally. According to Friedman, the remarkable success of Taiwan lies in its reliance on the capacity, workforce, and initiative of its people, rather than the pursuit of mines and natural riches. Human resources are inexhaustible and renewable.
One of the golden points in Friedman’s remarks in the article he penned for The New York Times is that the progress of countries in the twenty-first century can be measured by how successful they are in educating effective educators, providing useful education and upbringing for their children, and strengthening diligence and seriousness in them, as well as investing in an appropriate educational system. The results achieved through education and training determine the power and wealth of nations, not the money obtained through the sale of natural resources such as oil, diamonds, and gold.
Friedman concludes his essay by stating, “It’s good for a country to have oil, gas, and diamonds, but if these riches are not managed properly or are not spent to develop the knowledge and skills of the country’s citizens, they will not bring much benefit.”
The purpose of quoting one of the foremost economists of our time is to clarify that contrary to the propaganda the Taliban have propagated, the solution to eradicating poverty and generating wealth for a country is not possessing natural resources and underground riches. Freedom from poverty and prosperity requires precise and long-term scientific planning. A government that, through its misguided policies, creates conditions conducive to the flight of young and skilled labor to other countries should by no means expect miracles to happen. A regime that is preoccupied with expelling its citizens and, with suffocating restrictions, driving them to foreign lands, if it believes that it can help strengthen the economy by extracting and selling underground resources, is making a fatal mistake.
How a nation can achieve economic development when it deprives its people from education
Under the shadow of the Taliban regime, education is in its worst state, which can be described as a state of decay. Not only has this regime deprived half of the society of acquiring sufficient literacy, but by ideologicalizing the education system, it has severely restricted access to modern and useful education. Many male students and students have been prevented from continuing their education. When the Taliban speak of the necessity of improving the country’s economy, they blatantly lie. How can you, by employing medieval teachings restricting men and women and depriving them of awareness of the latest human achievements in various fields, improve a country’s economy?
Moreover, the lack of transparency mechanisms in the extraction and utilization of underground resources, and the absence of institutions to oversee how the money obtained is spent, are the most significant obstacles to the proper and rational use of the funds derived from these resources. Nigeria is one of the countries rich in oil resources and also has vast fertile land, but in practice, natural riches have not only failed to save this country from poverty and misery, but have also led to the strengthening of the mafia economy and terrifying administrative corruption at various levels of government, and has somehow increased the presence of criminal militias in the country. According to the authors of the book “Why Nations Fail,” the economic backwardness and progress of countries primarily depend on the presence of powerful inclusive institutions. This is while the Taliban, through monopolizing power and staunch opposition to democratic institutions, have endeavored to weaken and even destroy institutions that were semi-functional in the past.
No noticeable change in the Afghan economic situation despite extraction of mineral resources
According to reports from reputable international organizations, the Taliban have so far earned billions of dollars from the extraction and sale of Afghanistan’s natural resources. However, there has been no noticeable change in the economic situation of citizens. If it were not for the aid sent to Afghanistan by the United States and its allies weekly, the country’s already weak economy would likely collapse rapidly. Currently, more than half of Afghanistan’s population relies on foreign aid, and if this aid is not provided, a humanitarian catastrophe will occur, and some individuals may die of starvation.
The Taliban are using the proceeds from the sale of mines and underground resources to strengthen and equip their military forces as much as possible and also use this money for their purposes. The Taliban’s handling of the wealth obtained through the sale of underground resources or other means is akin to seizing war booty in medieval wars and thus they do not consider themselves accountable. It is not inappropriate that in the literature of this group, the occupation of various cities of the country is called “conquest,” and they use the same terms that were prevalent in defining the relations between empires in the Middle Ages. The Taliban rule with a modern foreign government and, by dealing with national assets in a medieval manner, are reducing the chances of economic progress and human development in the country more than ever. Those who have recently descended from the mountains and villages to the cities and do not understand the complex economic mechanism believe that by collecting tithes, alms, taxes, and additional levies from the people, they can achieve economic prosperity. However, these actions not only do not contribute to improving the economy at inappropriate times and places but also severely damage it. Economic progress requires a comprehensive plan and transformation and advancement in other areas. One of the prerequisites for economic transformation is the flourishing of creative forces in all fields. (HashteSubhDaily)
