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Europe builds drone defence walls along eastern flank against UAVs

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On the night of 20 August, an uncrewed aerial vehicle crashed near the Ukrainian border in Romania, marking the fourth such incident in the country within a single month.

The Romanian Ministry of National Defence announced that the drone, which had entered national airspace, came down in an uninhabited area approximately 4 kilometres north-east of the village of Grindu. On the same day, Moldova’s Ministry of Internal Affairs reported that UAV wreckage had been located one kilometre from the Ukrainian border.

Over the past month, at least six incidents involving airspace violations or crashes of unidentified UAVs have been recorded across Europe, including in Germany, Bulgaria, Latvia, Romania, and Moldova. Several regional states suggested that Russia may have been involved in these occurrences.

Following the crash and detonation of a military drone near the village of Crocmaz, Moldova recalled its ambassador to Moscow for consultations on 10 August.

Moldovan Defence Minister Anatolie Nosatii stated on 12 August that initial data indicated the UAV was of Russian origin, adding that experts were continuing to examine the wreckage.

Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova rejected the allegations, stating that Moscow does not fly UAVs through the airspace of states neighbouring Ukraine, including Moldova, and does not plan such flight paths.

According to a report by The Wall Street Journal (WSJ), the US administration decided to disband a strike battalion established in Europe in January to advance UAV warfare tactics.

Speaking to the newspaper, an unnamed US Army official said the unit would present its findings to command following large-scale exercises conducted in Germany in August and September, before reverting to its primary combat mission as an airborne infantry battalion.

Incidents involving unidentified UAV violations of European airspace have grown more frequent since the autumn of 2025.

In response to these developments, the European Union began discussing the construction of a collective defence mechanism along NATO’s eastern flank, termed a “drone wall”.

The European Commission presented the concept to the public in October 2025 under its Defence Readiness Roadmap 2030.

The planning envisaged the implementation of two projects: the European Drone Defence Initiative and Eastern Flank Watch.

The first project aims to establish a joint EU-Ukraine Drone Alliance. A €6 billion loan was allocated to fund this initiative under the G7’s Extraordinary Revenue Acceleration (ERA) programme in support of Kyiv.

Under the Eastern Flank Watch project, the EU aims to build a unified European defence system in close coordination with NATO against a broad spectrum of threats, including hybrid operations, Russian “shadow fleet” activities, and the risk of armed attack.

Encompassing multi-layered surveillance systems, anti-drone technologies, electronic warfare assets, and precision strike systems, the project is slated for deployment across all countries along the EU’s eastern border, including land and maritime frontiers with Russia and Belarus. The system is planned to become operational by the end of 2028.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen announced on 15 July that an agreement on joint UAV production had been signed between the EU and Ukraine.

“Ukraine has the ingenuity, what it needs is scale. Together we can deliver that, so that Ukraine keeps its edge and Europe reinforces its own strength,” von der Leyen said.

Formally launched two days later, the Drone Alliance was designed as a platform bringing together Ukrainian and European manufacturers of UAVs and countermeasures.

A total of 18 companies joined the initiative, nine from each side. Firms on the European side include ORQA, Indra Group, Fincantieri, and WB Electronics/WB Group.

Europe also deepened its cooperation with the US during this period. According to information reported by the WSJ, the decision to form a specialised battalion within the 173rd Airborne Brigade to study the Ukrainian experience was taken in November 2025.

Under the plan devised by former Chief of Staff of the US Army General Randy George, the concept’s architect, a small group of American soldiers from the approximately 600-strong battalion made covert visits to Kyiv to meet with Ukrainian officials. The unit also conducted joint work with Ukrainian UAV operators at NATO combat training areas.

The decision to end the battalion’s activities was reportedly taken under the influence of Acting Secretary of the Army Christopher Laniwe, who is known for his close ties to US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth.

The WSJ previously reported that US troops’ vulnerability to UAVs was exposed during the Combined Resolve exercises held in Germany in April and May, where Ukrainian drone operators detected and simulated strikes against American units and armoured vehicles.

Transatlantic cooperation continues across various channels. At the Industrial Forum in Ankara in July, NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte announced the NATO Drone Edge initiative, aimed at developing UAV systems and counter-drone capabilities.

Alliance members agreed under this framework to allocate more than $40 billion over five years and to quintuple the number of trained UAV operators by the end of 2027.

“We are using the latest innovative technologies, investing in our transatlantic defence industry, and drawing practical lessons from the fighting in Ukraine,” Rutte said.

During the same period, Germany, Denmark, Finland, and Norway signed a letter of intent for the joint procurement of MQ-4C Triton long-range, high-altitude UAVs, developed by Northrop Grumman for the US Navy.

Germany has become one of the most active countries in the field of UAV technologies and defence. In early August, a UAV containing Semtex-type explosives was discovered at Leipzig/Halle Airport near a Ukrainian An-24 transport aircraft believed to be carrying ammunition.

German Interior Minister Alexander Dobrindt stated that his country had become the “target of hybrid warfare” conducted by foreign states, though he did not name a specific country. No further official statements were issued by senior authorities regarding the incident.

The Bild and Die Zeit newspapers reported that DNA traces found on the UAV matched DNA samples from a 2024 arson attack at a DHL freight facility in Leipzig, which German investigators linked to Russian sabotage operations.

Die Zeit also reported that security services were considering the possibility that the operation might have been conducted by Ukraine as a false flag action intended to induce the Berlin government to provide greater support against Russia.

The Russian Embassy in Berlin described the incident as a provocation, stating: “It is obvious that this hastily orchestrated provocation serves solely the objectives of Kyiv and the militarist wing of the European political class.”

Amid these developments, the Drone Defence Technology Centre was officially opened on 18 August at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) test airfield in Magdeburg-Cochstedt.

The facility aims to combine scientific research, technology, and the requirements of security agencies to accelerate the development of UAV detection and interception systems. The centre houses the mobile anti-drone unit of the Federal Police alongside a joint UAV coordination centre established by federal and state authorities.

Speaking at the opening ceremony, Dobrindt emphasised: “The arms race in the UAV sector requires us to establish our own research units to keep pace with technological developments,” noting that Germany faces daily hybrid attacks from foreign states due to its pivotal role in Europe’s economic and political security.

Up to €10 million is expected to be allocated in the coming years for the development of the centre.

German Defence Minister Boris Pistorius presented the country’s first military strategy document in April. The document noted that Russia would remain the “greatest security threat” to Europe for the foreseeable future.

According to the text, Moscow aims to reshape the European security architecture by weakening NATO. In the section titled “Threat”, the document stated: “Russia is creating the preconditions for a military attack against NATO countries. This is already leading to hybrid operations being conducted against alliance member states, including Germany.”

The Polish government has also accelerated work on its air defence perimeter. Having announced an anti-drone wall project named SAN along its eastern border in January, Warsaw is executing the €3.8 billion project through a consortium comprising state-owned Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa, Norway’s Kongsberg, and the private Polish firm Advanced Protection Systems.

Polish Deputy Defence Minister Cezary Tomczyk announced that 18 specialised anti-drone air defence batteries—comprising APKWS missile launchers, anti-aircraft artillery, machine guns, and interceptor UAVs—would be deployed, with work scheduled for completion by 2028.

The Baltic Drone Wall initiative, announced in January 2025 by Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Finland, is likewise targeted for completion by the end of 2026.

Designed to protect the eastern flank of the EU and NATO, the joint project provides for integrating radars, sensors, and interceptor UAVs into a single multi-layered network under centralised management. Participating nations plan to expand the network by the end of the year to ensure uninterrupted surveillance along the Russian border.

Experts from the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) note that while the EU, NATO, and eastern flank states are making intensive efforts to address the UAV threat, the proliferation of initiatives risks causing duplication of effort and uncertainty for commercial entities participating in the projects.

“Greater coordination is needed to ensure coherence across initiatives, particularly at the level of data sharing,” the report stated. It also emphasised that capacity building within the European defence industry against the Russia-derived UAV threat can in no way replace diplomatic, political, and military measures.

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Fico accuses Merz of blackmail over threat to veto EU budget

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Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico has hit back after German Chancellor Friedrich Merz threatened to veto the EU budget unless funding for Ukraine is secured.

Merz said he would block the EU’s seven-year budget if no agreement is reached on financial assistance for Ukraine.

The chancellor’s intervention has angered Central European leaders who are net beneficiaries of EU funds but do not want to take part in the next round of funding to support Ukraine’s war effort.

“What the chancellor is doing is typical blackmail, and I will not bow to it,” Fico told reporters in Bratislava.

Fico spoke alongside his Czech counterpart, Andrej Babiš, whose government has refused to participate in a future loan to Ukraine.

“I do not know why he said this,” Babiš said, referring to Merz’s stance.

Merz wants EU leaders to discuss Ukraine’s financing needs at a summit in Dublin on Friday.

In a letter to European Council President António Costa, who will chair the meeting, obtained by The Guardian, Merz wrote:

“We must maintain our support for Ukraine in its struggle to defend itself. This is our shared vital interest. Yet bilateral aid provided to Ukraine is distributed unevenly, with the burden shouldered mostly by only a few member states.”

The EU agreed last year to provide a €90 billion loan to Ukraine, intended to cover two-thirds of its military and civilian spending for 2026 and 2027.

Since then, however, Russia’s relentless bombardment has placed a heavier financial burden on Kyiv, prompting President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to ask for €70 billion to plug the budget deficit.

The EU has endorsed Zelenskyy’s figures and pledged to find €45 billion. Ukraine’s other allies, such as Britain and Canada, are expected to cover the rest.

Last year, Merz launched an initiative to tap €210 billion in frozen Russian state assets held in the EU, but the plan fell through due to opposition led by Belgium, which holds most of the funds in Brussels.

The €90 billion loan was the backup plan. Having opted out of that loan, Hungary, Slovakia, and Czechia indicated that they would not take part in the next round either.

Bulgaria joined these three member states following the election of Prime Minister Rumen Radev last April.

The question of funding for Ukraine is now spilling over into the fraught negotiations on the 2028-34 EU budget.

Germany, the largest net contributor, wants substantial cuts to the proposed budget and opposes the EU providing generous funding to member states that refuse to contribute to Ukraine’s financial needs.

Merz states in his letter that a “collective commitment without exceptions” is a “fundamental prerequisite” for closing Ukraine’s financing gap and for “discussing other matters, particularly those with financial implications.”

He also notes that, in the context of the EU’s next seven-year budget, known as the Multiannual Financial Framework, all member states must contribute to a “robust” financial perspective for Ukraine from 2028 onwards.

A German government official said:

“For the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) to be successfully concluded, it is vital that all EU member states provide financial support to Ukraine.”

Berlin is also aiming to shift decision-making on funding for Ukraine from unanimity to qualified majority voting, in an effort to prevent a single government from blocking EU decisions.

The letter reflects mounting frustration among the EU’s northern member states, Ukraine’s most generous backers, over lower contributions from other EU countries in Central and Southern Europe.

The task of brokering an agreement on the budget falls to Costa, the former Portuguese prime minister.

Costa wants a deal by the end of the year, ahead of elections in France, Poland, and Italy in 2027 that could complicate the process.

A spokesperson for Costa confirmed receipt of the letter without elaborating on details. “President Costa will dedicate time to the Ukraine issue at the informal European Council meeting in Dublin this week,” the spokesperson said, adding that funding for Ukraine would be addressed at a dedicated summit on the EU budget scheduled for 26-27 November.

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EU expects next Israeli government to adopt less aggressive posture

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The EU expects the next Israeli government to mend its “difficult relationship” with Brussels and adopt a more constructive approach toward Gaza and illegal settlements.

Israeli President Isaac Herzog tasked Gadi Eisenkot, the leader of the anti-Netanyahu bloc, on Sunday with forming a government.

Eisenkot stated that the country faces a “catastrophic diplomatic crisis” as traditional allies begin to reassess their relations with Israel.

Speaking to Rapporteur, several European diplomats stationed in Tel Aviv said they expect ties to get back on track.

“Whatever government comes in, we can try to revitalize relations because Israel is clearly a very important partner,” one European diplomat said, adding that Brussels expects the next administration to be “less aggressive”.

The diplomat noted that relations with Europe are currently “not very good”.

Israel cut off communication with Kaja Kallas, the EU high representative for foreign affairs and security policy, after Rapporteur revealed in June that she had compared Israel to apartheid-era South Africa during a visit to Mexico.

The diplomat stated that this decision, taken ahead of elections, was political in nature. A second European diplomat based in Brussels explained that the announcement came only a few days before an official visit by Dubravka Šuica, the European commissioner for the Mediterranean.

“This could have been interpreted as a tactic to divide Europe, but Israel had asked Kallas to deny the report; she did not do so,” the second diplomat said.

Brussels has repeatedly voiced its frustration with Israel over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the expansion of West Bank settlements.

However, EU governments blocked almost all sanctions proposed by the European Commission.

A third diplomat said opposition parties would “almost certainly take the issue more seriously” when it comes to tackling violence by West Bank settlers:

“We see Palestinians being expelled from their homes and new illegal settlements being built in the West Bank. There is a reluctance on the part of the current government to address this issue, which causes problems in our relations.”

The new government is expected to ease pressure on Palestinians and halt construction of the E1 settlement project, a controversial plan to build settler housing in the West Bank east of Jerusalem.

“They will probably try to deal with the problem of extremist settlers in the West Bank,” the diplomat added.

On Gaza, the diplomat described the situation as “a complete nightmare”, with two million Palestinians crowded into an area that accounts for roughly 35% of the territory.

“There are not enough tents for the winter, and not enough vaccines are reaching the area despite an increase in diseases,” the diplomat said.

The European official argued that Donald Trump’s peace plan met all the conditions for Europe. Although the EU had much to offer, neither the US nor Israel appeared interested in EU involvement in the process.

“We are currently training Palestinian police in the West Bank, and if permitted, we could do the same in Gaza,” the diplomat said.

The diplomat disclosed that Israel had agreed with Šuica that Europe would finance two projects aimed at improving sewage and water infrastructure in Gaza, continuing:

“However, none of these projects has started yet because there is a serious problem with dual-use goods. Getting materials into Gaza is very difficult because the Israelis say they could be misused if they fall into the wrong hands of Hamas.”

Israel insists that Hamas must be disarmed before subsequent phases of Trump’s plan can proceed.

With disarmament unlikely to happen in the near term, the EU argues that certain measures can be carried out in parallel.

“We can begin rebuilding sanitation systems in Gaza. We can start building desalination plants. We can begin providing energy and water to Gaza,” one diplomat said.

While Brussels hopes for progress on Gaza and the West Bank, it maintains that expectations regarding the establishment of a Palestinian state need to be “managed”.

The EU continues to advocate a two-state solution, yet most leading Jewish parties oppose the creation of a Palestinian state.

The diplomat noted that the next Israeli government will likely have “a very slim majority and not much room for manoeuvre”.

There is also a “major misunderstanding” between the EU and Israel that must be addressed. According to the diplomat, Europeans fail to recognize the “psychological impact” of 7 October on Israelis.

“This event changed the country and made the two-state solution even more distant than before,” the diplomat said.

In return, some Israeli politicians believe Europe has betrayed Israel despite what they view as a fight against “Islamist terrorism”.

“Their argument is that European politicians are somewhat afraid of the Muslim population in Europe,” the European diplomat said.

Europe strongly opposes Iran and the possibility of Tehran acquiring nuclear weapons, imposing sanctions in response.

However, the diplomat argued that the EU would not participate in a war because it lacks a common army:

“We are a diplomatic and economic power, which is why we resort to sanctions and diplomacy. The expectation that we would take part in a military operation is unrealistic.”

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Germany threatens EU budget veto over long-term Ukraine aid

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Germany has threatened to veto the European Union’s joint budget for the 2028-2034 period, which is currently under negotiation, unless every member state commits to providing financial support to Ukraine in 2027 and subsequent years, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz warned.

According to a report by the Financial Times (FT), Chancellor Merz set out Berlin’s condition for the budget talks in a letter addressed to European Council President António Costa.

In his letter, Merz wrote: “A collective commitment that every single one of us, without exception, will make a fair contribution to closing Ukraine’s budget deficit is an indispensable prerequisite for resolving this budget issue and, in particular, for addressing subsequent matters that carry financial implications.”

The German Chancellor stressed that a formula backed by all member states must be established to provide Ukraine with a reliable, multi-year financial perspective starting from 2028.

Merz also insisted that any agreed solution must cover the interest payments on debts incurred to finance the assistance provided to Kyiv.

Conversely, several countries within the bloc have cut financial aid to Ukraine, and the number of capitals adopting this stance is projected to rise next year.

In December 2025, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic approved the EU’s 90 billion euro loan package for Kyiv only on the condition that they would not contribute to its costs themselves.

Alongside these three countries, Bulgaria has also stated that it does not plan to participate in subsequent financial assistance packages for Ukraine.

In France, far-right leader Marine Le Pen, who could potentially win the presidential election scheduled for spring 2027, recently told the FT that Paris has run out of funds.

Le Pen assessed: “The honest approach is to tell Mr Zelensky clearly, and even warn him: ‘Look, we cannot do more. We have already allocated the 90 billion euro EU loan, in which France’s share amounts to 18 billion euros. 18 billion euros is genuinely a huge amount of money.'”

The EU’s 90 billion euro loan, covering the 2026-2027 period, aims to meet two-thirds of Ukraine’s financing requirements.

Brussels expects the remaining 45 billion euros to be covered by other partners, including Canada, the UK, Norway, Japan, South Korea, and Australia.

Germany remains the largest net contributor to the EU budget.

In contrast, the four Eastern European countries seeking to avoid financing Ukraine rank among the largest net beneficiaries of the bloc’s budget.

Leveraging this balance, Chancellor Merz aims to use his influence in the EU budget negotiations to secure uninterrupted support for Kyiv in 2027 and the years beyond.

According to the FT, Berlin is also demanding that future aid packages be decided by qualified majority voting rather than unanimity, which is required under the current system.

A German government spokesperson told the newspaper:

“The issue of Ukraine’s financial needs must be resolved within the framework of the next EU budget. Financial support for Ukraine from all EU members is decisive for the successful conclusion of the budget talks.”

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