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French PM names new government

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On Monday, December 23, French Prime Minister François Bayrou announced the formation of the country’s fourth government for 2024, maintaining the political trajectory of the past seven years. The new cabinet comprises “Macronites,” key allies from previous administrations, and two former prime ministers, reinforcing continuity in governance.

The collapse of Prime Minister Michel Barnier’s government earlier this month, prompted by a no-confidence vote, appeared to signal opposition demands for substantial change. However, Bayrou’s cabinet largely maintains the status quo. The team is composed of pro-Macron figures, Bayrou’s confidants, seasoned conservative politicians, and other familiar faces, indicating that President Emmanuel Macron’s political line remains unaltered.

Expectations that the government might open up to social democrats were unmet. This iteration is less politically diverse than Barnier’s administration, which lasted only two and a half months. Former Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne, who handed over power to Gabriel Attal in January 2024, returns as Minister of Education, Research, and Innovation. Another former Prime Minister, Manuel Valls, will oversee Overseas Territories. Once a socialist, Valls has faced criticism for what some perceive as “political opportunism.”

Key ministerial appointments include Gérald Darmanin transitioning from Interior Minister to Justice Minister, Conservative Bruno Retailleau stepping into the Interior Minister role, and Eric Lombard, a former banking executive, taking over as Minister of Economy and Finance. He will collaborate with Amélie de Montchalin, the former EU minister and France’s permanent representative at the OECD, to prepare the 2025 budget.

Many ministers retained their posts, including Defence Minister Sébastien Lecornu, Culture Minister Rachida Dati, Labour Minister Catherine Vautrin, Agriculture Minister Annie Genevard, Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot, and Europe Minister Benjamin Haddad.

This cabinet’s makeup raises questions about its stability. The New Popular Front (NFP), a left-wing coalition, is poised to oppose the liberal 2025 budget unless the controversial 2023 pension reform—raising the retirement age from 62 to 64—is suspended. Bayrou has expressed openness to “tweaks and improvements” but ruled out halting the reform entirely.

The National Rally (RN), led by Jordan Bardella, has adopted a watchful stance. While it declined coalition talks, it offered conditional support to Bayrou’s government, similar to its approach with Barnier’s administration. However, tensions arose over Xavier Bertrand’s potential appointment as Justice Minister, a move the RN opposed. Bertrand refused to serve, citing his values and unwillingness to align with a government influenced by Marine Le Pen’s party.

Bayrou has set a goal to reduce France’s budget deficit to approximately 5% of GDP by the end of 2025, down from over 6% in 2024. Speaking to BFM TV, he emphasized the need to cut “inefficient public spending” and floated the possibility of temporary corporate tax increases to achieve fiscal balance.

Eric Lombard echoed this sentiment during his swearing-in ceremony at the Finance Ministry, stating, “We must reduce the deficit without killing growth. It is this balance that we must seek, and this is what the 2025 budget entails.”

Lombard’s extensive financial background includes leadership roles at BNP Paribas and insurance giant Generali. Most recently, he headed the French public investment fund Caisse des Dépôts, focusing on public housing, infrastructure, and green projects.

Bayrou faces an uphill battle in securing parliamentary support for the 2025 budget and broader governance goals. His reliance on opposition forces, particularly the RN, has sparked criticism and uncertainty. RN leader Bardella dismissed the new government as a “failed coalition,” setting the stage for contentious months ahead.

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EIB to unveil 15 billion euro tech initiative to scale European startups

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The European Investment Bank (EIB) will announce a €15 billion initiative today, in collaboration with EU capitals and private investors, aimed at supporting the growth of European technology companies.

For decades, startups on the continent have struggled to raise the large-scale funding rounds necessary to scale on this side of the Atlantic, frequently turning to US investors or relocating abroad as they expand.

“We are catching up. Now we need to accelerate,” EIB President Nadia Calviño said.

Under the existing European Tech Champions Initiative, the EIB had already pooled resources with six EU governments to establish funds that invest in high-growth companies across the EU.

Calviño described the initiative as “very successful,” noting that it has supported 12 European “unicorn” companies valued at over $1 billion, including the German artificial intelligence translation firm DeepL.

The bank is now expanding the program with a new phase nearly four times the size of the original.

Twenty-five EU governments, alongside private investors such as Santander and Danske Bank, are expected to participate in the program.

This initial €15 billion aims to mobilize up to €80 billion in total investment. Calviño stated that this estimate is based on the multiplier effects achieved under previous programs.

As part of these efforts, the EIB also aims to attract European pension funds, which manage immense pools of capital but have historically allocated fewer resources to technology investments compared to their US counterparts.

In addition to the new funding, Calviño noted that the EIB will create a platform providing a single point of access for existing European scale-up initiatives, including the European Commission’s Scaleup Europe Fund, France’s Tibi initiative, and Germany’s Win initiative.

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Germany to purchase US Tomahawk missiles to build own long-range strike capability

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Germany will purchase Tomahawk cruise missiles from the United States and deploy them on German territory, Chancellor Friedrich Merz announced on Thursday.

The move marks a shift away from planned US deployments and toward Germany establishing its own long-range strike capability.

Merz told lawmakers that he finalized the agreement with the US government during the NATO summit in Ankara, adding that the talks held on Tuesday and Wednesday had exceeded his expectations.

“While we close a critical strategic gap in our defense, we are also working to develop our own European systems and deploy them in Europe,” the Chancellor said.

According to German government sources, Washington committed in a letter of intent signed on Tuesday to approve Germany’s acquisition of Tomahawk missiles and their land-based Typhon launchers in August.

The number of missiles and launchers Germany plans to purchase was not disclosed because the information is classified.

The planned acquisition appears aligned with US President Donald Trump’s pressure on European allies to cover their own security costs, such as by purchasing US weapons.

The fate of the Tomahawk procurement had become uncertain after Trump announced in May that he would reduce the US military presence in Germany.

That development was seen as a cancellation of a plan made under the previous administration to deploy a US battalion equipped with long-range Tomahawk missiles to Germany.

That original plan was designed as a temporary solution to serve as a strong deterrent against Russia while Europeans developed their own versions of such weapons.

Germany produces its own cruise missile, the Taurus, but its range of approximately 311 miles is three to five times shorter than that of the Tomahawk missiles.

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Apple loses EU court appeal over Digital Markets Act gatekeeper designation

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The General Court of the European Union has rejected Apple’s challenges against its “gatekeeper” status designated under the Digital Markets Act (DMA).

With this ruling, the company’s designated status for the App Store and iOS remains valid, while its applications regarding iMessage were also rejected.

Apple had argued that the five separate App Stores it operates for the iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac, and Apple TV should be evaluated as distinct, individual services.

The court rejected this argument, ruling that these stores serve a common purpose of connecting developers and users, regardless of the specific device.

The court also dismissed Apple’s defense that the DMA’s interoperability obligations violate its fundamental rights.

However, it did not conduct a substantive assessment on the legality of this obligation, stating that a direct legal link could not be established between the regulation in question and the determination of “gatekeeper” status.

Following the ruling, Apple argued that the obligations under the DMA “exceed the boundaries of legality and proportionality.” The company asserted that the new rules jeopardize the work it has carried out for years to ensure user privacy and security.

Apple retains the right to appeal the decision, though a company spokesperson did not comment on whether there are plans to do so.

Apple previously declared that DMA rules prevented the launch of the updated version of Siri in Europe, resulting in European users being unable to benefit from the service.

In force in the European Union since 2024, the DMA covers a total of 22 services and products belonging to Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft.

The regulation obliges these companies to share certain data with competitors, provide access to user-generated data, and offer verification tools to advertising partners.

Additionally, it prohibits platforms from engaging in anti-competitive practices that favor their own products. Companies failing to comply with the rules face fines of up to 10% of their global turnover, which can rise to 20% in cases of repeated violations.

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