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Afghanistan-Iran and its water rights

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A dam near completion on the Helmand River in Afghanistan has become the center of disagreement between Afghanistan and Iran as both the neighbors’ dispute over water rights.

Afghanistan is considered as a self-sufficient water country but the irregularity and lack of structure has made it one of the lowest levels of water storage capacity in the world. There is estimation of at least 75 billion cubic meters (BCM) of water annually, where much of it is coming from big river basins such as the Amu, Helmand, Harirud-Murghab and Kabul. Mainly, these waters flow to the neighboring countries including Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

Afghanistan has failed to bring its water under control in the last 20 years or at least make a good deal with its neighbor over it. There was some “water strategy” on the paper to regularize the inflow of water, but apparently it was in vain. This came when the Afghan farmers moved to the urban centers to secure their livelihoods due to lack of water irrigation and insufficient water that badly affected their agricultural output.

At the same time, Afghanistan becomes an electricity-importer state while some of its water from major rivers, including Helmand River, flows to the neighboring countries. Afghanistan had decided to supervise these waters and tried to build dams to generate electricity.

In that purpose, the Afghan government has started to invest in construction of new dams in the Helmand River, a tributary considered the lifeline of water in Afghanistan, and its basin covers approximately 49pc of the surface area of the country.

But apparently Iran is not happy with the process and after failing to reach any consensus on the area of diplomacy, now it has tried to threaten the Afghan government to reopen the flow of water.

Iran warns Afghanistan over water rights

Iran’s President Ebrahim Raisi has openly called on the Afghan leaders not to violate water rights of the Iranian people and said his government is determined to defend this right.

Raisi warned the Taliban not to violate water rights of the people of Sistan and Baluchistan over their shared Helmand River, and called on the Taliban to take his world “seriously”.

Raisi also said that the Taliban should allow Iranian hydrologists to check the water levels of the river.

President Ebrahim Raisi during the inauguration ceremony of a project to supply water from the Gulf of Oman Iran’s eastern cities on May 18, 2023.

This is not the stop point as his Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian also came up with the same warning and said Iran will use “pressure as a tool,” to make the Taliban agree to allow its water from the Helmand River to flow inside Iran.

Amirabdollahian raised the water issue during his trip to southeastern border provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, where he is scheduled to follow up on the case of Iran’s water rights, which has not become a center of a dispute with its neighbor Afghanistan.

Based on the 1973 treaty between Iran and Afghanistan, Amirabdollahian said that the people of Iran’s Sistan and Baluchestan have “a natural right” to benefit from the water that flows into the country from Afghanistan.

Meanwhile, the Iranian Space Agency said satellite images showed that the Afghan government prevented water from reaching the Iranian side of the border in some places by creating numerous dams and diverting the flow of water.

The agency said it was ready to submit the images, captured by the Iranian-made Khayyam satellite, to the Foreign Ministry.

Afghan-Iran FMs spoke on phone

Meanwhile, Afghanistan’s acting foreign minister, Mawlavi Amir Khan Muttaqi held a telephonic conversation with Iranian counterpart Amirabdullahian, where the two sides discussed the expansion of cooperation in different sectors including trade, electricity, railway, common border, water and release of Afghan prisoners in Iran.

During the talk, Muttaqi expressed his satisfaction with the recent visit of the Afghanistan trade delegation headed by the country’s minister of commerce and industry to Iran, and stressed that the two sides should intensify work to implement the Khaf-Herat railway project.

However, Muttaqi said that due to a drop in rainfall in the western parts of Afghanistan, the country has seen a significant drop in the amount of water in the Helmand River.

Taliban Spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid also said that due to severe drought, the water levels have dropped but said Kabul is “committed” to fulfill its obligation in the water treaty.

Inappropriate statements harm ties  

At the same time, Mujahid warned Iran over “inappropriate statements”, saying such behavior could harm ties between the two countries and should not be repeated.

Iranian officials have always stressed the importance of the implementation of the 1973 Helmand River treaty between Iran and Afghanistan, but Kabul says that drought and climate change has significantly reduced the level of water. At the same time Iran has been suffering from drought for some 30 years, but has worsened over the past decade, according to the U.N.’s Food and Agriculture Organization.  The Iran Meteorological Organization says that an estimated 97pc of the country now faces some level of drought.

Taliban Spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid said the Islamic Emirate is committed to the water treaty of Helmand signed in 1973 between Afghanistan and Iran.

To overcome the drought, Iran has called on the Taliban to open the gates of the Kajaki,” a major hydroelectric power dam in Afghanistan on the river’s path.

However, the dam has been dried up due to severe drought, but the Iranian authorities doubt Taliban’s statement and say they need to go and see from near.

“Until Iran’s technical experts are not allowed to visit the water flow and upstream of Hirmand according to the Hirmand Treaty, especially Article 5 of Protocol No. 1 of that treaty, any comments regarding the reduction in Hirmand water are not acceptable,” Iranian media Mehr reporting citing the country’s foreign ministry’s statement.

Diverting the river’s water flow and non-cooperation on the part of Afghan officials cannot be justified by making political statements, the statement reads.

Still friendly negotiations on table

Iran said that so far negotiations and talks have been held in a friendly atmosphere and by adhering to the principle of good neighborliness, and expects that such talks should continue to resolve any kind of issues as other options are also on the table.

The statement furthered that Iran has the right to use other options and reserves to take necessary actions to defend from its water interest, but called on Afghanistan to fulfill its responsibility based on the agreement.

Responding to the statement, Taliban said that the water agreement between Afghanistan and Iran was signed half a century ago in 1973 and is still valid.

“The Islamic Emirate is committed to implementing its obligations,” Taliban foreign ministry said in a statement, and accused the Iranian side of lacking information on current water level and circumstances in the region.

Taliban said that Iranian officials should first complete their information about Helmand water and then express their demand with appropriate words.

Taliban once again retreated that “inappropriate” statements can harm the political relations between the two neighboring countries which is not in the interest of each side.

ASIA

Syria will not follow Afghanistan’s Taliban model of governance

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In an astonishing statement, Ahmed Shará, also known as Abu Mohamad Jolani, the leader of the Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) said that he will allow the girls to go to schools and will not turn Syria like Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban.

Jolani, the de facto ruler of Syria, said that he will distance himself from the Taliban’s strict policies on women’s rights, and said that Syria will not follow the Taliban’s mode of governance.  

Jolani, who brought down the government of Bashar al-Assad and also widely welcomed by the Taliban, said that he believes in the education of women and girls and will not make Syria like Afghanistan.

“Syria is a diverse society with various ideas, unlike Afghanistan, which is more tribal. The Afghan model cannot be applied here,” Jolani told a BBC reporter.

Jolani says that Syria is a diverse society with various ideas, unlike Afghanistan, which is more tribal.

Jolani’s comment came when the Taliban congratulated the HTS-led victory by Jolani over Assad’s regime after years of fighting. The Afghan Foreign Ministry celebrated Jolani’s victory through a statement and hoped Jolani can bring peace and stability in the country.

“It is hoped that the power transition process is advanced in a manner that lays the foundation of a sovereign and serve-oriented Islamic government in the line with the aspiration of the Syrian people; that unifies the entire population without discrimination and retribution through adoption of a general assembly; and a positive foreign policy with world countries the safeguard Syria from a threat of negative rivalries of foreign actors and creates conditions for the return of millions of refugees,” the statement by Taliban Foreign Ministry.

However, Jolan’s position on the rights of women and girls is in great contrast with the current view of the Taliban leadership. Women and girls have been banned from education and work since the return of the Taliban in August 2021, following the collapse of the Republic System and withdrawal of the US troops from Afghanistan. Girls and women are even banned from medical institutions and visiting public spaces.

Jolani says he has a plan to create a government based institution and a council chosen by the people. 

The situation got worse when the Taliban’s Ministry for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice called women’s voices “immodest” compounding their exclusion from public life. This year, it has been marked as three years since girls were banned from pursuing education over sixth grade. Besides that, on December 20, 2022, the Taliban’s Ministry of Higher Education announced that women would be barred from attending public and private universities.    

In an interview with CNN, Jolani said that he has a plan to create a government based on institutions and a “council chosen by the people.”

“When we talk about objectives, the goal of the revolution remains the overthrow of this regime. It is our right to use all available means to achieve that goal,” said Jolani.

“The seeds of the regime’s defeat have always been within it… the Iranians attempted to revive the regime, buying it time, and later the Russians also tried to prop it up. But the truth remains: this regime is dead.”

Moreover, he also said the Syrian people are the “rightful owners” of the country after the ouster of Assad, and declared a “new history” has been written for the entire Middle East.

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ASIA

Yoon summoned again for questioning on treason charges

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A joint law enforcement team investigating South Korea’s martial law case announced on Friday that it has issued a second summons to ousted President Yoon Suk Yeol, requesting his presence for questioning next week. The inquiry concerns his alleged involvement in the failed implementation of martial law.

The team has scheduled the questioning for 10:00 a.m. next Wednesday at the Corruption Investigation Office for Senior Officials (CIO) headquarters in Gwacheon, located just south of Seoul. This marks the second summons after Yoon refused to cooperate with the initial notice earlier this week.

The decision to hold the questioning on a public holiday appears to be a strategic move by the CIO, likely aimed at addressing security concerns. The office confirmed that the summonses were delivered via express mail and electronically to both Yoon’s residence and the presidential office in Yongsan. Notably, after Yoon’s team refused to accept the first subpoena, the CIO opted against delivering the documents in person for this round.

The investigation focuses on Yoon’s role in the December 3 martial law declaration, which he revoked following a vote in the National Assembly. If Yoon continues to disregard the summons without valid justification, the CIO may seek a court order to detain him for up to 48 hours.

Yoon faces allegations of sedition and abuse of office, charges that have gained traction since his dismissal by parliament last Saturday. His suspension from office remains in effect pending a decision by the Constitutional Court, which will determine whether he is permanently removed or reinstated.

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ASIA

Xi Jinping champions economic diversification during Macau visit

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During a three-day visit to Macau commemorating the 25th anniversary of its return to Chinese sovereignty from Portugal, President Xi Jinping emphasized the importance of economic diversification and maintaining the “one country, two systems” framework.

Speaking at the swearing-in ceremony for Macau’s new Chief Executive Officer, Sam Hou-fai, Xi urged the administration to make economic diversification the city’s primary focus. Sam, the fourth leader since the 1999 handover and the first mainland-born Chinese official to hold the position, is expected to align closely with Beijing’s objectives to reduce Macau’s reliance on gambling. The gambling industry, which accounts for approximately 80% of Macau’s tax revenue, has been the cornerstone of its rapid economic growth in recent years.

“Macau should prioritize proper economic diversification,” Xi stated, calling for enhanced policy support and investment in emerging sectors. He also reiterated the significance of the “one country, two systems” principle, stressing its role in ensuring the city’s “prosperity and stability” for the long term.

Xi’s visit included stops at the Macau University of Science and Technology, where he explored laboratories focusing on traditional Chinese medicine and planetary science. He also attended a cultural performance at the Macau Dome and met with local stakeholders, according to Chinese state media. His trip marked a shift in tone, with Anthony Lawrence, founder of Intelligence Macau, noting that it was the first time Xi publicly praised Macau for its progress rather than delivering critiques or instructions.

Since the liberalization of Macau’s gaming monopoly in 2002, the city has attracted significant foreign investment, including from prominent US casino operators such as Las Vegas Sands, MGM, and Wynn Resorts. However, the economy struggled during the COVID-19 pandemic due to travel restrictions, and recovery has only recently begun.

On Friday, Macau’s casinos were bustling with visitors, while non-gaming initiatives like a stamp exhibition co-organized by MGM China and Beijing’s Palace Museum showcased the city’s efforts to diversify its offerings.

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