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China-Central Asia Summit: “Beijing involved in a security issue for the first time”

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The China-Central Asia Summit convened on May 18-19 in Xi’an, the capital of China’s Shaanxi province. The summit, chaired by Chinese President Xi Jinping, was attended by Kassym-Jomart Tokayev of Kazakhstan, Sadyr Japarov of Kyrgyzstan, Emomali Rahmon of Tajikistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev of Uzbekistan and Serdar Berdimuhamedow of Turkmenistan.

This was the first face-to-face summit between China and the leaders of the five Central Asian countries since the establishment of diplomatic relations 31 years ago. It was agreed to hold the summit on a rotating basis, with the next summit to be held in Kazakhstan in 2025. The leaders also agreed to establish a permanent secretariat of this mechanism in China.

“We’ll resolutely withstand foreign powers staging color revolutions”

“The sovereignty, security, independence and territorial integrity of Central Asian countries should be safeguarded, the development path independently chosen by the Central Asian people should be respected, and the Central Asian region’s efforts for peace, harmony and tranquility should be supported,” Xi Jinping said at the opening of the second day of the Summit, which began with a grand opening ceremony on the first day.

Xi also called for joint efforts to enhance strategic trust and strengthen security ties between China and Central Asia, saying, “We’ll resolutely withstand foreign powers interfering in the internal affairs of regional countries and staging ‘color revolutions’, have zero tolerance for the three forces (terrorism, separatism and religious extremism), and work to solve the regional security dilemma.”

Xi said China is willing to help Central Asian countries strengthen their law enforcement security and defense capabilities “to independently maintain regional security,” adding that China will support the “peaceful reconstruction” of Afghanistan. 

Declared goal: Expand trade and economic cooperation

According to state news agency Xinhua, Xi pledged to expand trade and economic cooperation with Central Asia and said Beijing would deepen connectivity in the region and expand energy cooperation, among other things.

Central Asia, “with its unique geographical advantage, can become an important interconnection hub in Asia and Europe,” Xi said, adding that he hopes to accelerate the construction of the China-Central Asia gas pipeline as well as the Line D gas pipeline (which will run from the border with Turkmenistan through the territory of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan) and expand the scale of oil and gas trade with the region.

The construction of the China-Europe Railway will be accelerated and Chinese enterprises will be encouraged to build overseas warehouses in Central Asian countries.

Cross-border transportation and logistics network between China and Central Asian countries will be improved, and joint work and projects in the context of high-tech and green development will be developed.

“We need to strengthen dialogue among civilizations,” Xi said, inviting Central Asian countries to join the “Cultural Silk Road” program. Xi noted that they will establish more traditional medicine centers and cultural centers in Central Asia, increase student exchange programs and interaction between universities.

Xi also announced that China will provide 26 billion yuan (USD 3.7 billion) in financial support to help Central Asian countries develop.

This year also marks the 10th anniversary of the “Silk Road Economic Belt” initiative proposed by Xi during his visit to Kazakhstan in 2013. In the decade since Xi launched the Belt and Road Initiative, trade between China and the five Central Asian countries has grown rapidly. Last year, it reached USD 70.2 billion, up 40 percent.

Beijing sees Central Asia as a critical frontier for expanding its trade and energy security. The region is also seen as crucial for stabilizing Xinjiang, where the Uyghurs are one of the most contentious issues between China and the West.

Three topics stood out: trade, security and cultural integration

We discussed the China-Central Asia Summit, its outcomes and future plans with Assoc. Professor Nurbek Isabay, Dean of the Faculty of Law at Astana International University.

“A great new page has opened for the Central Asian countries,” Dr. Isabay said, recalling that the United States also established such an initiative with the Central Asian countries in 2015, called C5+1, but underlined that this new format with China is very important for the Central Asian countries.

Isabay stated that Xi Jinping emphasized 3 important points in his speech today: development of trade corridors, security cooperation and cultural integration:

“The first point is very important for China. Before the war in Ukraine, there was the Trans-Siberian Railway through Russia. There is also the Central Corridor from Beijing to Europe through Kazakhstan and the Southern Corridor from China to the Caspian Sea and Turkey and then to Europe. A branch of this goes through Uzbekistan and Iran to Turkey and then to Europe.

There is also maritime trade through the Strait of Malacca, but since the US is trying to establish dominance there via Singapore, China is keen to diversify its trade routes without getting stuck in Malacca. The Trans-Siberian corridor, which was busy before the Russia-Ukraine war, is in trouble because of the war. Therefore, China is trying to mobilize the Southern Corridor through Central Asia.”

He said that the summit agreed to build a railway from China to Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, and agreed with Kazakhstan to develop that infrastructure through the port of Kuryk and the Caspian Sea. According to Dr. Isabay, important agreements were reached on the development of trade corridors, and this is part of the strategy to revitalize the Southern Corridor.

Nurbek Isabay noted that in 2015, China set a target to increase trade volume with Central Asia to USD 70 billion by 2030, and last year the target was achieved, and emphasized that this data shows how dynamically the trade volume is progressing.

“China is filling the area left by Russia”

“The second important issue is security and defense. Xi Jinping emphasized that the sovereignty, independence and internal affairs of Central Asian countries should not be interfered with. There was a message of joint struggle against terrorism. He emphasized that China opposes color revolutions in Central Asian countries. I think Xi Jinping sent a message to both sides here. Both to Russia and to the West. In December last year, former Russian PM Medvedev made a statement claiming Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries on behalf of Russia. Putin also made a speech in 2015 claiming that Kazakhstan has no state traditions. Russian MP Fyodorov has also previously made a speech claiming that northern Kazakhstan is Russian territory. Therefore, the emphasis in Xi Jinping’s speech on not allowing color revolutions and protecting territorial integrity sends a message to Russia, as well as a message to the US and the West. This is how the speech was interpreted in Kazakhstan public opinion,” he said.

Isabay emphasized that China will provide 26 billion yuan (USD 3.7 billion) to Central Asian countries for security and defense, and noted that Beijing has not been involved in the field of security outside of trade before, but it has been involved in this field in Central Asia, noting that this is a first. Stating that Russia’s influence in Central Asia has weakened with the war in Ukraine, Isabay commented that China is filling this gap in order to prevent color revolutions that may be attempted by the West. “China has been focusing on trade and cultural exchanges, which are its traditional methods in foreign policy, but for the first time, it has made its position on security and defense very clear,” he said.

“China was culturally alien to Central Asia, this gap is being closed”

“The third issue is cultural cooperation and integration. You know that one of China’s weakest points is the Uighur region. Kazakhs also live there. Officially, nearly 1 million 300 thousand Kazakhs live there. There are also Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in that region. Until now, culturally, China was alien to the Central Asian countries in terms of language, culture and lifestyle. However, in recent years, especially in the last 5 years, China has started to attach great importance to the Central Asian countries in the field of culture. Scholarship programs were opened in Chinese universities. At this Summit, student exchange programs were developed with agreements. Agreements were signed between Kazakhstan’s largest university and several Chinese universities,” Isabay said.

“Confucius institutes became influential in Central Asia,” he added, “scholarships were provided to students and researchers. As far as I know, there are nearly 70 Confucius institutes in Central Asia. There was also an agreement to increase the number of these institutes. Decisions were taken at the state level to intensify cultural integration. In other words, China was a cultural outsider in Central Asia, it was not recognized. Now it wants to close this gap.”

“Mechanism could be expanded with Türkiye”

According to Isabay, this mechanism may expand with other countries in the coming period. Pointing to Turkey in particular, “Developing the Southern Corridor is not possible without Türkiye. Xi Jinping said that this format will expand with other countries later on. Therefore, Türkiye is important here,” Isabay said. He also said that Azerbaijan, Georgia and Iran could also be included in this format.

Isabay noted that China’s growing influence in Central Asia is being discussed from Russia’s point of view, and said that official statements from the Russian Duma have come from Russia that they look favorably on this summit. “Even if Russia is uncomfortable, it will not openly express this discomfort in official terms due to its negative relations with the West,” he added.

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Pentagon plans covert spy ring for economic war on China, report says

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The US Department of War (Pentagon) is reportedly planning to establish an extensive network of deep-cover agents to wage economic warfare against China and other adversaries of the US.

According to a report by The Washington Post citing six sources familiar with the initiative, the plan has not yet been put into effect. The newspaper reported that the initiative remains at the planning stage. The Pentagon, however, denies that any such initiative exists.

The report said the operatives would pose as entrepreneurs or private sector employees while concealing their ties to the US government. The network’s mission would be to gather economic intelligence and counter China.

The programme is led by Tom Rakusa, who spent 39 years at the CIA. Rakusa serves as a senior adviser to Deputy Secretary of Defence Steve Feinberg.

The proposed spy network is seen as part of a broader policy by the Donald Trump administration to sharpen economic competition with other countries.

The US is already resorting to tariffs, export controls, and investment in strategic sectors, alongside expanding its economic intelligence gathering.

According to The Washington Post, the new initiative demonstrates the Pentagon’s growing influence under the Trump administration. The department is currently seeking a record budget of $1.5 trillion.

Trade war flares up again with Trump’s return to the White House

The trade friction between the US and China flared up again following Donald Trump’s return to the White House. In April 2025, Washington raised tariffs on Chinese goods to as much as 145%, and Beijing retaliated with tariffs of up to 125%.

In May, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio described China as the primary geopolitical challenge facing Washington. Rubio said that to avoid war, the two sides needed to manage their conflict of interests.

In July, Chinese expert Zheng Yongnian did not simply warn that underestimating the US could prove to be a “fatal mistake”; he stated it explicitly.

According to Zheng’s assessment, the US maintains its primacy through the role of the dollar, its military superiority, and its technological advantages.

Even so, the two sides agreed in June to declare a truce and lower tariffs. In autumn 2026, the US and China extended their trade truce until 10 January 2027.

US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said the extension would give the parties more time to discuss economic issues.

Trade deals do not eliminate the strategic contradictions between the two countries. Financial Times columnist Rana Foroohar likened the race between the two nations for commercial, technological, and geopolitical influence to the 19th-century “Great Game” between the Russian and British empires.

Foroohar cited China’s standing in shipbuilding and commercial maritime transport, as well as its expanding footprint in overseas ports, among its key advantages.

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Japan plans curbs on short-term home sales to cool urban prices

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Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) plans to restrict short-term property trading to rein in surging home prices in major urban centres, particularly Tokyo.

Led by Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi, the party aims to make support for working households a core priority ahead of local elections scheduled for April next year.

The LDP’s research commission on housing and land policy met on Wednesday to discuss the issue.

According to a report by the Nikkei Asia newspaper, Commission Chair and LDP lawmaker Midori Matsushima said at the opening of the meeting: “Prices of newly built condominiums across Tokyo’s 23 wards have doubled over the past decade. We must work on measures ensuring that people who wish to live in these homes can actually afford to buy them.”

Homeownership in the capital has become virtually unattainable for broad segments of the population. According to data from the Real Estate Economic Institute, the average sale price of a newly built condominium in Tokyo’s 23 wards rose %18.5 in fiscal 2025 compared with the previous year, reaching 137.84 million yen (around $872,000).

Meanwhile, statistics from the Ministry of Labour show that the average annual income of a full-time worker in the capital remained at 6.78 million yen in fiscal 2025. This widening gap between incomes and residential property prices is directly shaping political priorities.

During its campaign for the House of Representatives election in February, the LDP pledged to curb speculative transactions across metropolitan Tokyo and other regions. Earlier this month, a party project team focused on policies concerning foreign nationals also submitted a recommendation urging the government to introduce immediate tax measures against rising home prices.

Under current legislation, profits realized from properties sold within five years of acquisition are classified as “short-term capital gains”. These returns face a tax rate approaching %40, including income tax and local inhabitant tax.

Although this rate is twice the approximately %20 levied as “long-term capital gains” tax on properties held for more than five years, several party members argue it remains insufficient to deter speculation. Calls to tighten the framework may be considered as part of the annual tax reform package to be drafted in December alongside the LDP’s coalition partner, the Japan Innovation Party.

The ruling bloc wants to present concrete housing pledges to voters heading to the polls in April across numerous urban centres, including 22 of Tokyo’s wards where local assembly terms expire.

“We need to support families with children, who are typically at the stage of purchasing a home,” a senior LDP official said.

Opposition parties are also preparing alternative proposals that target not only prospective homebuyers, but also residents forced into the rental market by high property prices and now affected by escalating rents.

Tax steps take precedence over limits on foreign buyers

Several countries seeking answers to housing affordability pressures have imposed direct restrictions on foreign purchasers. In South Korea, real estate policies played a major part in the declining public approval ratings of President Lee Jae Myung.

In August 2025, authorities in Seoul introduced an approval requirement for foreign nationals buying homes in the capital and adjacent areas, while also mandating that buyers reside in the properties for at least two years.

Canada and Australia have enacted temporary bans on foreign residential purchases, while Singapore levies a %60 additional stamp duty on foreign buyers.

The role of overseas investors in Japan’s property market also drew debate during the February election. However, restrictions aimed directly at foreign nationals are viewed as potentially conflicting with international trade and services agreements.

Consequently, rather than imposing restrictions based on the nationality of buyers, the government is discussing tax measures aimed at speculative real estate deals, such as rapid resales.

Fears that sharp market measures could shake regional banks

Concerns have also surfaced that aggressive steps to force down prices could harm the wider national economy.

A senior LDP tax official cautioned that a steep drop in land prices could weaken local financial institutions, warning: “We must consider the impact on regional banks.”

The real estate sector accounts for roughly %18 of total lending by Japanese banks. This proportion sits well above the %10 level recorded during Japan’s bubble economy of the mid-to-late 1980s.

At certain regional banks, property lending accounts for nearly half of total loan portfolios.

According to March 2025 data from the Financial Services Agency, approximately one-quarter of all loans extended by regional banks to the real estate sector are concentrated directly in Tokyo’s five central wards.

Buoyant asset valuations, supported in part by rising stock indices, have underpinned strong public approval for the Takaichi administration. Observers note that property interventions designed to cool the market could drag down equity prices and weaken the government’s standing.

A senior official on the LDP research commission stressed that decision-makers must act with caution regarding the scope and timing of any measures intended to bring price increases under control.

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South Korea plans $120B spend on eight US nuclear power plants

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South Korea will spend $120 billion to construct eight nuclear power plants in the US under an agreement that provides for $350 billion in investments in exchange for lower tariffs.

The South Korean government also announced that Seoul and Washington will begin examining a liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Alaska comprising a large-scale pipeline to transport natural gas from the north of the state to the south, alongside the construction of an LNG terminal for exports overseas.

Seoul stated that a decision regarding the LNG project will be made following a commercial feasibility study. However, US President Donald Trump said that South Korea would invest $54 billion in the project, pointing to an apparent lack of full coordination between the two sides on the matter.

Trade and Industry Minister Kim Jung-kwan said in a statement: “This announcement opens a new horizon of cooperation where the two countries join forces to develop joint commercial ventures in strategic areas directly linked to economic security and future sectors such as artificial intelligence, nuclear energy, and LNG.”

“We will adhere to the principle of prioritising national interests and investing solely in commercially viable projects,” Kim said.

Speaking at the White House, Trump characterised South Korea’s plans as “one of the largest energy infrastructure investments in American history”.

The announcement followed a meeting between Trump and South Korean President Lee Jae Myung roughly one year ago at the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting held in South Korea, where they agreed on the creation of a $350 billion investment fund.

Under that agreement, $150 billion was allocated to the shipbuilding sector and $200 billion to other sectors. In return, the US announced it would reduce tariffs imposed on goods imported from South Korea from 25% to 15%.

Under the nuclear power project, South Korea’s state-controlled utility will build two plants in the US, while Pennsylvania-based Westinghouse Electric will construct six plants.

According to the South Korean government, this will mark the first instance in which a foreign country builds its own nuclear power plants in the US.

South Korean firms are also evaluating the possibility of acquiring a stake in Westinghouse as part of negotiations over sharing profits generated by the project.

South Korea additionally announced that it will build a $22.3 billion natural gas-fired power plant in Texas with a capacity of 6,472 megawatts.

The facility will be designed to supply electricity directly to nearby data centres. The project’s first phase is targeted to begin commercial operations in 2029, with full-capacity operations slated for 2032.

Seoul also disclosed that it had agreed to allow the US to receive 50% of the profits generated by the projects until South Korea recoups all of its investments.

After South Korea fully recovers its total investment amount, 90% of the profits will go to the US.

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