Europe
Ukraine reburies OUN leader Melnyk as Poland and Israel condemn honoring of wartime nationalist figures
Last week, the remains of Nazi collaborator Andriy Melnyk were transferred from Luxembourg to Ukraine and reburied in the presence of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
Melnyk led OUN(M), the Melnyk faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, whose members collaborated with Nazi Germany and many of whom later joined the Waffen-SS Galicia Division.
Zelenskyy also awarded the title “Heroes of the UPA” to a Ukrainian special forces unit. During World War II, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) was responsible for the killing of approximately 100,000 Poles and numerous Jews.
The moves triggered protests from Poland and Israel, while the German government chose to remain silent.
Kyiv is now planning to establish a “Pantheon of Distinguished Ukrainians” and intends to rebury additional Nazi collaborators as part of the initiative.
Discussions are reportedly underway regarding the transfer of the remains of two individuals buried in Munich. German authorities would be required to approve such transfers.
Nazi collaborator “heroes” of Ukrainian nationalism
The state-sponsored honoring of Nazi collaborators is not a new phenomenon in Ukraine. The process began during the presidency of the pro-Western President Viktor Yushchenko between 2005 and 2010.
In 2007, Yushchenko awarded Roman Shukhevych the title of “Hero of Ukraine,” followed by Stepan Bandera in 2010.
Shukhevych was one of the leaders of the UPA and continued the underground struggle against the Soviet Union even after 1945.
Bandera led OUN(B), a rival faction to Melnyk’s OUN(M), and was assassinated by the Soviet Union in Munich in 1959.
Following the pro-Western change of power in Kyiv in February 2014, the glorification of these Nazi collaborators intensified.
In April 2015, the Ukrainian parliament classified members of the OUN and UPA as “fighters for Ukraine’s independence.” Since then, under parliamentary legislation, questioning the “legitimacy” of their struggle for Ukrainian independence has been prohibited.
Since 2015, October 14, the anniversary of the UPA’s founding, has also been celebrated as a national holiday.
The role of Ukrainian nationalists in the Waffen-SS Galicia Division
The rehabilitation of Ukrainian Nazi collaborators is currently gaining new momentum.
Melnyk’s remains were exhumed in Luxembourg on May 19, transported to Kyiv, and subsequently reburied during a state ceremony at the National Military Memorial Cemetery near the Ukrainian capital.
The ceremony was attended by Zelenskyy and Kyrylo Budanov, who has served as head of the Presidential Office since earlier this year and is reported to have been a driving force behind the initiative.
Melnyk and OUN(M) closely cooperated with the Nazi Reich in pursuit of separating Ukraine from the Soviet Union and transforming it into an authoritarian state modeled on fascism.
However, when they attempted to establish a Ukrainian state following the invasion of the Soviet Union, Nazi authorities opposed the effort and arrested Melnyk.
Members of OUN(M) played a key role in the formation of the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician), commonly known as the Waffen-SS Galicia Division.
The division was involved in massacres of the Polish population in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, resulting in the deaths of thousands of people.
Crimes against Poles and Jews
The UPA was responsible for the majority of the deaths in the massacres carried out in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia from February 1943 until the end of the war, during which nearly 100,000 Polish civilians were killed.
Unlike the Waffen-SS Galicia Division, the UPA primarily recruited its members from OUN(B).
Among them were individuals who had previously participated in pogroms and massacres against Jewish populations in the occupied Soviet Union, including in Lemberg, now Lviv, in late June 1941. There, OUN militias, acting alongside German occupiers, killed approximately 4,000 Jews.
Beginning in 1943, the UPA’s massacres of Polish civilians in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were aimed at creating an exclusively Ukrainian territory in which a postwar Ukrainian state could be established.
Numerous Jews also became victims of UPA massacres, bringing Ukrainian militias into participation in the genocide.
Last Tuesday, a decree entered into force granting a unit of Ukraine’s Special Operations Forces the honorary title “Heroes of the UPA.”
According to Zelenskyy, the decision was intended to “revive the historical traditions of the national armed forces.”
Protests from Israel and Poland
The reburial of Melnyk and the awarding of the “Heroes of the UPA” title to a special forces unit sparked international protests.
In a statement, Israel’s Foreign Ministry said it viewed “with regret” the decision to hold an official state funeral for Melnyk, whom it described as an “OUN leader who collaborated with the Nazis.” The ministry added that there should be “no room for ignoring historical truth and the memory of victims murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators.”
The Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial described Melnyk’s reburial as “a source of deep concern” and argued that honoring “the leader of a movement that supported Nazi Germany during the period when millions of Jews were persecuted and murdered” would undermine the “moral integrity” essential to Holocaust remembrance.
The renewed honoring of the UPA has provoked particular anger in Poland. On May 28, the Foreign Ministry informed Ukraine’s ambassador that it viewed the measure with “deep dissatisfaction.”
On May 29, Poland’s chargé d’affaires in Kyiv reiterated that position during a meeting at Ukraine’s Foreign Ministry.
Also on May 29, Polish President Karol Nawrocki announced that he would seek to strip Zelenskyy of the Order of the White Eagle.
Zelenskyy received the decoration, Poland’s highest state honor, in April 2023. Then-President Andrzej Duda said Zelenskyy had earned the award as an “exceptional figure” who “did not abandon his country during the most difficult period in Ukraine’s history.”
A decision regarding the withdrawal of the award is expected in Warsaw next Monday.
Prime Minister Donald Tusk is currently attempting to defuse tensions. In doing so, critics argue that he is downplaying the mass crimes committed by the OUN and UPA.
Speaking last weekend, Tusk said Poland and Ukraine shared a common enemy, referring to Russia.
According to Tusk, if a dispute over “historical emotions” were allowed to escalate, “Moscow would have reason to rejoice,” and such an outcome should be avoided.
Germany silent over honoring of Nazi collaborators
While protests have come from countries where relatives and descendants of victims of Ukrainian Nazi collaborators reside, no reaction has emerged from the German government, which frequently presents itself as one of Ukraine’s strongest supporters.
Among those expressing disappointment is Ukrainian Holocaust researcher Marta Havryshko. She described Melnyk’s reburial as “an insult to everyone who once believed that the slogan ‘Never Again’ still had meaning in today’s Ukraine.”
It is becoming increasingly clear that German authorities may soon be involved in similar initiatives. According to reports, the Kyiv government plans to establish a “Pantheon of Distinguished Ukrainians” intended to serve as a “special place for strengthening the values of the Ukrainian people.”
Preparations are currently underway for the exhumation and transfer of the remains of other Ukrainian nationalists. The transfer of the remains of OUN founder Yevhen Konovalets, who is buried in Rotterdam, has already been approved.
The reburial of Yaroslav Stetsko, who continued to lead the OUN from exile in West Germany after the end of World War II, as well as OUN(B) leader Stepan Bandera, is also being considered.
Stetsko and Bandera are buried at Munich’s Waldfriedhof cemetery. The transfer of their remains would require approval from German government authorities.
Europe
Fico accuses Merz of blackmail over threat to veto EU budget
Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico has hit back after German Chancellor Friedrich Merz threatened to veto the EU budget unless funding for Ukraine is secured.
Merz said he would block the EU’s seven-year budget if no agreement is reached on financial assistance for Ukraine.
The chancellor’s intervention has angered Central European leaders who are net beneficiaries of EU funds but do not want to take part in the next round of funding to support Ukraine’s war effort.
“What the chancellor is doing is typical blackmail, and I will not bow to it,” Fico told reporters in Bratislava.
Fico spoke alongside his Czech counterpart, Andrej Babiš, whose government has refused to participate in a future loan to Ukraine.
“I do not know why he said this,” Babiš said, referring to Merz’s stance.
Merz wants EU leaders to discuss Ukraine’s financing needs at a summit in Dublin on Friday.
In a letter to European Council President António Costa, who will chair the meeting, obtained by The Guardian, Merz wrote:
“We must maintain our support for Ukraine in its struggle to defend itself. This is our shared vital interest. Yet bilateral aid provided to Ukraine is distributed unevenly, with the burden shouldered mostly by only a few member states.”
The EU agreed last year to provide a €90 billion loan to Ukraine, intended to cover two-thirds of its military and civilian spending for 2026 and 2027.
Since then, however, Russia’s relentless bombardment has placed a heavier financial burden on Kyiv, prompting President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to ask for €70 billion to plug the budget deficit.
The EU has endorsed Zelenskyy’s figures and pledged to find €45 billion. Ukraine’s other allies, such as Britain and Canada, are expected to cover the rest.
Last year, Merz launched an initiative to tap €210 billion in frozen Russian state assets held in the EU, but the plan fell through due to opposition led by Belgium, which holds most of the funds in Brussels.
The €90 billion loan was the backup plan. Having opted out of that loan, Hungary, Slovakia, and Czechia indicated that they would not take part in the next round either.
Bulgaria joined these three member states following the election of Prime Minister Rumen Radev last April.
The question of funding for Ukraine is now spilling over into the fraught negotiations on the 2028-34 EU budget.
Germany, the largest net contributor, wants substantial cuts to the proposed budget and opposes the EU providing generous funding to member states that refuse to contribute to Ukraine’s financial needs.
Merz states in his letter that a “collective commitment without exceptions” is a “fundamental prerequisite” for closing Ukraine’s financing gap and for “discussing other matters, particularly those with financial implications.”
He also notes that, in the context of the EU’s next seven-year budget, known as the Multiannual Financial Framework, all member states must contribute to a “robust” financial perspective for Ukraine from 2028 onwards.
A German government official said:
“For the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) to be successfully concluded, it is vital that all EU member states provide financial support to Ukraine.”
Berlin is also aiming to shift decision-making on funding for Ukraine from unanimity to qualified majority voting, in an effort to prevent a single government from blocking EU decisions.
The letter reflects mounting frustration among the EU’s northern member states, Ukraine’s most generous backers, over lower contributions from other EU countries in Central and Southern Europe.
The task of brokering an agreement on the budget falls to Costa, the former Portuguese prime minister.
Costa wants a deal by the end of the year, ahead of elections in France, Poland, and Italy in 2027 that could complicate the process.
A spokesperson for Costa confirmed receipt of the letter without elaborating on details. “President Costa will dedicate time to the Ukraine issue at the informal European Council meeting in Dublin this week,” the spokesperson said, adding that funding for Ukraine would be addressed at a dedicated summit on the EU budget scheduled for 26-27 November.
Europe
EU expects next Israeli government to adopt less aggressive posture
The EU expects the next Israeli government to mend its “difficult relationship” with Brussels and adopt a more constructive approach toward Gaza and illegal settlements.
Israeli President Isaac Herzog tasked Gadi Eisenkot, the leader of the anti-Netanyahu bloc, on Sunday with forming a government.
Eisenkot stated that the country faces a “catastrophic diplomatic crisis” as traditional allies begin to reassess their relations with Israel.
Speaking to Rapporteur, several European diplomats stationed in Tel Aviv said they expect ties to get back on track.
“Whatever government comes in, we can try to revitalize relations because Israel is clearly a very important partner,” one European diplomat said, adding that Brussels expects the next administration to be “less aggressive”.
The diplomat noted that relations with Europe are currently “not very good”.
Israel cut off communication with Kaja Kallas, the EU high representative for foreign affairs and security policy, after Rapporteur revealed in June that she had compared Israel to apartheid-era South Africa during a visit to Mexico.
The diplomat stated that this decision, taken ahead of elections, was political in nature. A second European diplomat based in Brussels explained that the announcement came only a few days before an official visit by Dubravka Šuica, the European commissioner for the Mediterranean.
“This could have been interpreted as a tactic to divide Europe, but Israel had asked Kallas to deny the report; she did not do so,” the second diplomat said.
Brussels has repeatedly voiced its frustration with Israel over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the expansion of West Bank settlements.
However, EU governments blocked almost all sanctions proposed by the European Commission.
A third diplomat said opposition parties would “almost certainly take the issue more seriously” when it comes to tackling violence by West Bank settlers:
“We see Palestinians being expelled from their homes and new illegal settlements being built in the West Bank. There is a reluctance on the part of the current government to address this issue, which causes problems in our relations.”
The new government is expected to ease pressure on Palestinians and halt construction of the E1 settlement project, a controversial plan to build settler housing in the West Bank east of Jerusalem.
“They will probably try to deal with the problem of extremist settlers in the West Bank,” the diplomat added.
On Gaza, the diplomat described the situation as “a complete nightmare”, with two million Palestinians crowded into an area that accounts for roughly 35% of the territory.
“There are not enough tents for the winter, and not enough vaccines are reaching the area despite an increase in diseases,” the diplomat said.
The European official argued that Donald Trump’s peace plan met all the conditions for Europe. Although the EU had much to offer, neither the US nor Israel appeared interested in EU involvement in the process.
“We are currently training Palestinian police in the West Bank, and if permitted, we could do the same in Gaza,” the diplomat said.
The diplomat disclosed that Israel had agreed with Šuica that Europe would finance two projects aimed at improving sewage and water infrastructure in Gaza, continuing:
“However, none of these projects has started yet because there is a serious problem with dual-use goods. Getting materials into Gaza is very difficult because the Israelis say they could be misused if they fall into the wrong hands of Hamas.”
Israel insists that Hamas must be disarmed before subsequent phases of Trump’s plan can proceed.
With disarmament unlikely to happen in the near term, the EU argues that certain measures can be carried out in parallel.
“We can begin rebuilding sanitation systems in Gaza. We can start building desalination plants. We can begin providing energy and water to Gaza,” one diplomat said.
While Brussels hopes for progress on Gaza and the West Bank, it maintains that expectations regarding the establishment of a Palestinian state need to be “managed”.
The EU continues to advocate a two-state solution, yet most leading Jewish parties oppose the creation of a Palestinian state.
The diplomat noted that the next Israeli government will likely have “a very slim majority and not much room for manoeuvre”.
There is also a “major misunderstanding” between the EU and Israel that must be addressed. According to the diplomat, Europeans fail to recognize the “psychological impact” of 7 October on Israelis.
“This event changed the country and made the two-state solution even more distant than before,” the diplomat said.
In return, some Israeli politicians believe Europe has betrayed Israel despite what they view as a fight against “Islamist terrorism”.
“Their argument is that European politicians are somewhat afraid of the Muslim population in Europe,” the European diplomat said.
Europe strongly opposes Iran and the possibility of Tehran acquiring nuclear weapons, imposing sanctions in response.
However, the diplomat argued that the EU would not participate in a war because it lacks a common army:
“We are a diplomatic and economic power, which is why we resort to sanctions and diplomacy. The expectation that we would take part in a military operation is unrealistic.”
Europe
Germany threatens EU budget veto over long-term Ukraine aid
Germany has threatened to veto the European Union’s joint budget for the 2028-2034 period, which is currently under negotiation, unless every member state commits to providing financial support to Ukraine in 2027 and subsequent years, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz warned.
According to a report by the Financial Times (FT), Chancellor Merz set out Berlin’s condition for the budget talks in a letter addressed to European Council President António Costa.
In his letter, Merz wrote: “A collective commitment that every single one of us, without exception, will make a fair contribution to closing Ukraine’s budget deficit is an indispensable prerequisite for resolving this budget issue and, in particular, for addressing subsequent matters that carry financial implications.”
The German Chancellor stressed that a formula backed by all member states must be established to provide Ukraine with a reliable, multi-year financial perspective starting from 2028.
Merz also insisted that any agreed solution must cover the interest payments on debts incurred to finance the assistance provided to Kyiv.
Conversely, several countries within the bloc have cut financial aid to Ukraine, and the number of capitals adopting this stance is projected to rise next year.
In December 2025, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic approved the EU’s 90 billion euro loan package for Kyiv only on the condition that they would not contribute to its costs themselves.
Alongside these three countries, Bulgaria has also stated that it does not plan to participate in subsequent financial assistance packages for Ukraine.
In France, far-right leader Marine Le Pen, who could potentially win the presidential election scheduled for spring 2027, recently told the FT that Paris has run out of funds.
Le Pen assessed: “The honest approach is to tell Mr Zelensky clearly, and even warn him: ‘Look, we cannot do more. We have already allocated the 90 billion euro EU loan, in which France’s share amounts to 18 billion euros. 18 billion euros is genuinely a huge amount of money.'”
The EU’s 90 billion euro loan, covering the 2026-2027 period, aims to meet two-thirds of Ukraine’s financing requirements.
Brussels expects the remaining 45 billion euros to be covered by other partners, including Canada, the UK, Norway, Japan, South Korea, and Australia.
Germany remains the largest net contributor to the EU budget.
In contrast, the four Eastern European countries seeking to avoid financing Ukraine rank among the largest net beneficiaries of the bloc’s budget.
Leveraging this balance, Chancellor Merz aims to use his influence in the EU budget negotiations to secure uninterrupted support for Kyiv in 2027 and the years beyond.
According to the FT, Berlin is also demanding that future aid packages be decided by qualified majority voting rather than unanimity, which is required under the current system.
A German government spokesperson told the newspaper:
“The issue of Ukraine’s financial needs must be resolved within the framework of the next EU budget. Financial support for Ukraine from all EU members is decisive for the successful conclusion of the budget talks.”
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