Europe
Germany accelerates African energy diplomatic push to secure natural gas and green hydrogen
German Foreign Minister Johann Wadephul has conducted high-level talks in Mauritania aimed at securing “energy imports,” signaling a continued expansion of Berlin’s diplomatic and economic outreach across Africa.
The initiative seeks to secure natural gas and green hydrogen from the African continent to compensate for structural deficits in Germany’s energy imports from Russia and the Persian Gulf, which have been severely disrupted by conflict.
According to a report by German Foreign Policy, the German minister held discussions in Mauritania on Monday focusing, among other agenda items, on future green hydrogen imports. Mauritania is currently positioning itself to become a primary hub for the green hydrogen economy in West Africa.
Following his talks in Nouakchott, Wadephul is scheduled to arrive in Nigeria today, where Berlin expects to secure deliveries of both green hydrogen and natural gas.
The diplomatic push follows meetings last week between German Chancellor Friedrich Merz and Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune. Berlin is actively seeking to procure both natural gas and green hydrogen from Algeria.
However, critics have sharply condemned the strategy—which includes the construction of a major hydrogen pipeline beneath the Mediterranean Sea—labeling it a “neo-colonial project.” Detractors argue that the initiative risks exploiting the resources of the Global South at the direct expense of local economic development.
From Berlin’s perspective, these steps have become geopolitically non-negotiable. Intense systemic competition with Russia and the US-led conflict against Iran have severely threatened and disrupted Germany’s established raw material and energy supply chains.
Algeria’s strategic importance to Germany grows
Algeria is rapidly emerging as an increasingly critical natural gas supplier for Germany.
The North African nation holds the second-largest proven natural gas reserves on the continent after Nigeria, and stands as Africa’s largest exporter of natural gas.
Furthermore, Algeria is Europe’s second-largest supplier of pipeline gas, utilizing two major pipeline networks stretching north across the Mediterranean Sea: one terminating in Spain, and the other in Italy.
In addition to pipeline infrastructure, Algeria exports liquefied natural gas (LNG). In early July, the Wilhelmshaven 1 gas terminal received its maiden shipment of Algerian LNG from the state-owned energy enterprise Sonatrach, with subsequent deliveries expected to follow.
These Algerian shipments are helping Berlin reduce its heavy reliance on hydraulic fracturing (fracking) gas imported from the US. Last year, US-sourced LNG accounted for 96% of all imports arriving at German LNG terminals.
At the same time, Algeria is advancing the construction of the Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline. This infrastructure project is designed to transport natural gas from Nigeria, through Niger, and into Algeria, where it will connect to existing Mediterranean pipelines bound for Europe.
The pipeline’s projected transit capacity is up to 30 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually.
Germany and the broader European Union are actively incentivizing natural gas imports from Africa. The strategy is designed not only to replace sanctioned Russian gas imports that are no longer available, but also to establish greater strategic independence from Middle Eastern gas supplies threatened by the conflict in Iran.
Africa’s role in the “green” transition
Over the longer term, Algeria is projected to play an even more significant role for Germany in the supply of green hydrogen—produced via renewable energy sources—which Berlin plans to deploy on a massive industrial scale as a foundational future energy source.
Berlin is currently planning multiple infrastructure projects to facilitate these green hydrogen imports. Chief among these is the “South H2” pipeline, designed to transport green hydrogen from Algeria through Tunisia and across the Mediterranean Sea into Italy, Austria, and Germany.
In Europe, the pipeline project is backed by a consortium of energy infrastructure firms, including the Italian pipeline operator Snam, Gas Connect Austria, and BayerNets.
The European Union has designated the pipeline as a “Project of Common or Mutual Interest” and has classified it as a flagship project of its “Global Gateway” infrastructure initiative, allocating corresponding EU financing.
To produce the requisite volumes of green hydrogen, Algeria plans to construct utility-scale renewable energy generation facilities.
German Chancellor Friedrich Merz discussed the project in detail last Thursday with Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune during the latter’s official visit to Berlin.
Merz stated that Germany, in cooperation with Italy, plans to “advance the development of the southern hydrogen corridor” in order to “intensify hydrogen exports” to Germany.
Intra-European competition in Africa’s hydrogen economy
Foreign Minister Johann Wadephul’s current diplomatic mission to Mauritania represents a parallel effort to secure additional green hydrogen capacities.
Mauritania is actively working to transform its domestic economy into a regional hub for renewable energy-based hydrogen production.
One of the largest planned industrial developments in the country is being led by a joint venture comprising the German project developer Conjuncta, the Egyptian firm Infinity, and the United Arab Emirates-based Masdar Group.
The project represents a $34 billion investment aimed at installing 10 gigawatts of electrolysis capacity to produce green hydrogen earmarked for export to Europe.
This mega-project, known as “Infinity Power,” faces direct competition from a rival development named “Nour.” Initiated by Chariot Resources of the United Kingdom, TotalEnergies of France, and the Luxembourg-based Eren Group, the Nour project is also designed for 10 gigawatts of electrolysis capacity. However, this project is structured to prioritize Mauritania’s domestic energy requirements first, with only surplus volumes designated for export to Europe.
Prior to his arrival in Mauritania, Wadephul noted that the country “offers significant opportunities for renewable energy, particularly in the production of green hydrogen.”
While in Nouakchott, the Foreign Minister stated his intention to discuss “possibilities” for bilateral cooperation in “future technology sectors.”
Berlin seeks to reduce energy dependencies
Germany is also pursuing deeper strategic cooperation with Nigeria regarding both LNG and hydrogen. Wadephul is scheduled to arrive in Nigeria today for detailed consultations.
In November 2023, Germany and Nigeria signed a bilateral agreement under which Berlin committed to investing $500 million in renewable energy projects across the West African nation. In exchange, Germany secured commitments for LNG deliveries, with initial shipments scheduled to commence this year.
Much like the imports from Algeria, these Nigerian deliveries are intended to diversify Germany’s gas supply. They aim to further reduce Berlin’s reliance on US LNG, even as Germany phases out Russian LNG imports and navigates supply constraints from other traditional sources such as Qatar.
Furthermore, Berlin is evaluating the long-term potential of importing green hydrogen from Nigeria. In the autumn of 2023, then-Chancellor Olaf Scholz stated that Nigeria was not only “well-positioned” to supply Germany with the LNG “that we will continue to need in the coming years until the hydrogen market is fully established,” but could also become a “key actor” in Germany’s future hydrogen supply chain.
The German government has maintained an active “hydrogen partnership” with Nigeria for several years, which includes the operation of a dedicated “hydrogen office” in the country.
A “neo-colonial” project?
The planned hydrogen pipeline from Algeria to Germany has drawn sharp, systematic criticism from civil society organizations concerned about the geopolitical implications of the green energy trade.
In a joint protest declaration signed by 87 non-governmental organizations in March 2023, critics argued that hydrogen imports by Germany and other wealthy Western nations from Global South partners perpetuate an exploitative economic dynamic. They assert that the model prioritizes exporting domestic resources to wealthy Western economies at the expense of local populations.
Opponents contend that this framework “perpetuates the exploitative legacy of the past,” preventing independent development within Global South nations.
Critics also warn that the model strengthens multinational fossil fuel companies by enabling them to preserve legacy corporate structures through the construction of new pipelines and transport infrastructure.
They argue this occurs to the detriment of the Global South, where domestic economic development is systematically delayed by raw material extraction rather than the establishment of localized, high-value industrial supply chains.
Consequently, these organizations argue that the construction of the pipeline and the utilization of Global South renewable energy capacity for European consumption constitutes “a neo-colonial project.”
According to critics, this characterization applies equally to the other natural gas and hydrogen initiatives pursued by Foreign Minister Wadephul during his current African tour.
Europe
CDU youth wing urges military deployment against student protests
As school strikes against the reintroduction of compulsory military service continue across Germany, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) has faced calls to deploy the military against student demonstrations.
The next nationwide school strike in the country is scheduled for 20 November. Like earlier school walkouts, it is primarily directed against the reintroduction of compulsory military service, which is clearly looming on the horizon.
In addition, coalitions of high school and university students are calling for fresh demonstrations this Saturday (31 October). These actions take French student protests as a model, but go even further in opposing mass militarization in Germany.
So far, demonstrations have been announced in just under a dozen cities, and these protests also face the threat of growing state repression.
In Hamburg, for instance, a police spokesperson announced that there would be a “very strong police presence” and that drones would also be deployed against demonstrators.
Going a step further, the Berlin-Mitte branch of the Junge Union (JU), the CDU youth wing, demanded the deployment of the Bundeswehr [German Armed Forces] as a precautionary measure against high school and university student demonstrations “to defend our liberal order.”
Meanwhile, debates over banning political parties are currently underway within conservative circles, echoing developments in France with La France Insoumise (LFI).
Years ago, during his tenure as secretary general of the Christian Social Union (CSU), Federal Interior Minister Alexander Dobrindt raised the possibility of banning Die Linke (the Left Party).
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ), an influential German newspaper, also recently brought the issue to the fore.
In an editorial, the newspaper asked openly: “Why not ban Die Linke?”
Against this backdrop lies Die Linke’s victory in the Berlin Senate elections. If the party becomes too powerful, the threat of a ban looms.
According to author Jasper von Altenbockum, the Left Party can act as it pleases in Berlin because the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the Greens have not applied the “firewall” strategy against it that the CDU maintains against the Alternative for Germany (AfD).
Describing the party’s lead Berlin candidate, Elif Eralp, as “the vanguard of a movement that sympathises with leftist and Islamist terrorism, shows ‘respect’ to organised criminals, fuels immigrant and radical left antisemitism, and seeks to practice anticapitalism through expropriation,” the author continued:
“If the standards applied to extremism in the AfD were applied to the Left Party’s rhetoric, tactics, and ideology, then a debate on banning the party would emerge, and politicians from the Left Party would be subjected to the same treatment as those at the other end of the ‘horseshoe.’ But that is not the case at all: Left Party politicians are fixtures on morning shows; Left Party politicians determine who may call themselves a democrat and who may not.”
Arguing that the SPD and the Greens in Berlin face the exact same predicament that the CDU confronts in Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, or Saxony, the FAZ author contends that if the Christian Democrats fail to devise a counter-strategy, they will have to accept either a “red-green” coalition in Berlin or a shift of votes toward the AfD.
Europe
Vučić scrapped plan to hold power after phone warnings, report says
Former Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić was preparing to retain power by force following the country’s parliamentary elections, according to a report by the British newspaper The Times, citing politicians and a former commander of a specialised police unit.
However, he abandoned this scenario after receiving phone calls urging him to back down.
Spasoje Vulević, the former head of the Serbian police counter-terrorism unit, told the newspaper that 4,000 police officers and 3,000 people whom he described as “thugs” were deployed to central Belgrade on voting day, 25 October.
According to Vulević’s assessment, Vučić was preparing to reject the election results.
Vučić’s spokeswoman denied the claim. Speaking to The Times, she said the police presence in Belgrade was a response to threats of violence from protesters and was unrelated to any attempt to seize power.
Member of the European Parliament Sandro Gozi also said he received alarming messages from diplomatic sources on election day indicating that Vučić was preparing for a scenario involving the use of force.
According to the newspaper, Gozi’s political group issued a statement around 21:00 local time, as initial projections were being released, warning that supporters of Vučić’s party could be mobilized to provoke clashes.
Where did the calls forcing Vučić to back down come from?
Radomir Saičić, a leading candidate from the winning Student List, also argued that plans had been made to alter the results by force if the vote margin between the sides was narrow.
“If the results were close, there were plans to overturn the outcome of the vote by brute force,” Saičić said. “However, according to the information I obtained, numerous calls to him from the police and other figures prompted him to change his mind. They convinced him that executing this plan would end very badly for him.”
Former commander Vulević, on the other hand, was sceptical that police officers could have played a decisive role.
Noting that Vučić personally selected the unit commanders in Belgrade and that these figures were unlikely to oppose him, Vulević said: “I suspect that representatives of European governments called Vučić; these were talks conducted at the highest level.”
European Parliament member Gozi did not confirm the claim that the telephone calls had a decisive effect.
“I cannot rule out the possibility that phone calls took place, but in any case, the vote margin against him was far too large,” Gozi said. “Vučić was stunned.”
According to The Times, roads were closed in Belgrade during the evening, gendarmerie personnel appeared on the streets, and groups of men dressed in black headed toward the city’s Pioneers Park (Pionirski Park).
Vulević claimed these individuals arrived in groups of 20 to 30. However, the newspaper reported that at 21:30, an hour and a half after polls closed, Vučić backed down and his assembled supporters dispersed.
From the Novi Sad collapse to early election defeat
Early parliamentary elections were held in Serbia on 25 October.
According to Election Commission data, after processing results from 8,139 ballot boxes, the Student List secured 52.65% of the vote, while Vučić’s United Serbia coalition remained at 39.22%.
Vučić conceded defeat without waiting for the final results.
“It is obvious that we have lost these elections. The Student List has won,” the politician said, attributing the opposition’s success to support from European countries and the US “deep state”.
Prior to the election, the country was the scene of prolonged mass protests that began after the collapse of a railway station canopy in the city of Novi Sad in November 2024.
Protesters initially demanded accountability for those responsible and an investigation into corruption allegations, before subsequently calling for the government’s resignation.
Having dissolved parliament in September 2026 and announced his resignation from the presidency, Vučić was subsequently nominated as the candidate for prime minister by his party.
Europe
EU scrambles for takers for remaining €21B in SAFE defence loans
The European Commission has until the end of the year to convince EU member states to take up around €21 billion in unused defence loans and support Ukraine’s defence.
The worsening security situation in the Black Sea could encourage Romania to seek additional loans. Bucharest has already secured €16.7 billion under SAFE.
The remaining figure became final after Hungary and Italy significantly scaled back their requests under the EU’s €150 billion Security Action for Europe (SAFE) programme.
On Wednesday, after approving Hungary’s spending plan, the final pending application, the Commission announced that it would soon launch a second call for applications.
The situation is very different from August 2025, when Brussels was confident that demand would far exceed the available €150 billion.
Applications from 19 EU countries eventually exceeded that sum by around €40 billion.
Now, national elections and pressure on public finances may make governments reluctant to take on additional debt.
Some EU diplomats told Rapporteur that the conditions for the second round remain unclear, making it difficult to say whether their countries would apply.
The Commission must publish the second call by the end of December. Unlike the first round, where countries could use the loans for national procurement contracts until May 2026, the remaining money must be spent on joint procurement.
Poland benefited from the previous flexibility, securing €43.7 billion, the largest national allocation, and moved quickly to sign contracts.
Warsaw announced that 90% of the money would go to Polish companies.
Brussels also hopes the remaining money will be used to bolster Ukraine’s defence.
In July, during an official visit to the country, Commission President Ursula von der Leyen suggested that around €10 billion in unused SAFE loans could be directed to Kyiv.
Defence Commissioner Andrius Kubilius mentioned the Freyja anti-ballistic missile project among the initiatives under consideration while discussing the second SAFE call at an E5 meeting in Paris this week.
Military sources told Rapporteur that participation in the second round had been considered under Romania’s previous government, but the proposal would now require a fresh political assessment.
Diplomatic sources in Athens told Rapporteur that Greece has also shown interest. The country had previously made an unsuccessful push to increase its allocation by several billion euros.
Polish Deputy Defence Minister Magdalena Sobkowiak-Czarnecka told Polish media this week that Poland was also discussing the conditions for another possible application, while Ireland has shown interest in the remaining funds.
Italy, having already reduced its initial request, is considered unlikely to participate in the second round.
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