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INTERVIEW

‘If Russia becomes into Chinese hands, that would be a disaster for Europe’

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Elmar Brok, former president of the European Parliament’s foreign affairs committee, told Harici: “If Russia leaves Ukraine, Europe must cooperate. If Russia falls into China’s hands, it will become China’s junior partner. That would be a catastrophe for the European order”.

German politician Elmar Brok is a member of the European People’s Party (EPP). He is the longest-serving MEP in Brussels and has held many leading positions in German and European politics since 1980. He has also chaired the European Parliament’s Foreign Affairs Committee (AFET) and has frequently travelled to conflict zones as part of the EU’s foreign policy.

Elmar Brok answered our questions about European and German policy on the conflicts in Gaza and Ukraine.

Do you think European united front for Ukraine is cracking for a while? On the one hand, Germany does not want to involve the Ukrainian war militarily, and on the other hand, France and some Eastern European countries do not rule out boots-on-the-ground. Some cracks are true regarding the financial aid. Do you think that Ukraine can secure the EU aid for good?

I think the aid for Ukraine is safe, is just decided again in the European Council and in the European Parliament. Also, the Germany is safe. Germany is the country with the second most weapon delivery to Ukraine after United States. But I believe they should send more. For example, this cruise missile Taurus which gives the chance for the Ukrainians to destroy the logistics of the Russians, also outside the immediate Ukrainian borders. And that is very helpful. French President Emmanuel Macron was misunderstood. He said that it could be for technical help soldiers on the ground; not as fighting soldiers. I think everyone agrees in the European Union that the NATO countries cannot go as fighting forces into that war, because that means that it’s the NATO case where everyone will be involved from Türkiye to Britain. And that was also not meant, that was misunderstood. But I believe Europe should do more. Many countries have not yet understood that the Ukrainians fight for our own freedom. Putin has said he wants to recover the old Tsarist Empire which includes Poland. And we do not like that he goes forward. He will when we make our peace deal or ceasefire, stop there for a moment, for three years, four years to recover and then he continues. It is clearly said what his goals are and we should look to that. And he means it seriously.

But Russia also claims that there was a spoken agreement years ago that NATO shouldn’t come close to Russian borders but they didn’t keep their promise. So, this is, on the other hand, their explanation of defending their own territory.

There is a Minsk agreement which stopped the war in 2014 but Putin never meant it seriously to make a a peace forever out of that despite all the negotiations that took place until he took the next advantage that was 2022 to continue that war. Minsk is a proof that Putin does not want a permanent peace in Ukraine. He says clearly Ukrainians have no own identity, it’s Russian. He said in his speech some days ago again that he says if Europeans would go to Ukraine it means, it goes to Russian soil. This understanding is not acceptable. You cannot declare the soil of an independent sovereign country as his own. 

Is a complete breakdown of Russia-Europe relations possible? Do you see the possibility of a recovery in relations after the war in Ukraine? What is the projection for Europe and Russia?

We have to try that but Putin must give in to international law, leave Ukraine. But for sure, then when it’s the case, Russia and Europe should cooperate. If Russia becomes into Chinese hands, there would be, then, junior partner of China. That would be a disaster for Europe’s order. It is also good to have Ukrainian as an ally especially because all the raw materials are there. The common interest is very strong but Putin’s war and his fantasies by violating international law to recover the old Tsarist Empire is just historically wrong and looks only backwards and not into the future. He violates Russian interests.

Given the fact that Europe is also dependent on Russia regarding the energy, gas and grain, do you think, in the coming few years, Europe will be on them at one point and have to stop militarily aiding Ukraine?

No, to keep an important country independent is our protection. And to stick to international law on the sovereignty of nations, it’s all protection for permanent law as we had in the last 70 years. We should not leave that way to give in to a new war manga. Putin is in that way like Hitler or others have done that. We want to in Europe to be in a situation that we never fall back in this imperialist time of where the big countries of Europe decide who is independent or not independent. 

But what you say doesn’t go along with Germany’s politics regarding Israel. I mean Germany is the second weapon provider to Israel with almost %25 overall procurements after the US. Talking about international law, also in violation of international law, you should also talk about Gaza.

Look, first of all, we have a certain responsibility. It is also the violation of international law; the slaughtering of Israelis by Hamas on October 7th.

But did the things start at o October 7th? What is happening since 1948?

Hamas destroyed the responsibility of the Palestinian Authority in 2007. There are by coup on power. 

They were elected in 2006. There were international observers.

No, the overall won Palestinian Authority. Hamas is not Palestine. Hamas is a terrorist organization. We never support a terrorist organization.

Dozens of thousands of civilians are killed and majority of them are children. Can you face this? Germany is still supporting Israel.

Israel left Gaza in 2005. And then since then, Hamas made war. The question is that they shoot missiles from Gaza every day in the last 15 years to the soil of Israel. Would you like that that   from the European side of Istanbul, every day missiles would be shot on the Asian side of Istanbul? That is the daily case. They have to stop that. They should give all the power back to the Palestinian Authority. 

But that’s not the fact. We have more than 30,000 civilians dead now. So, you say that’s Israel’s right to do it. 

But 15 years before every day I was twice in that situation as I saw Hamas rockets coming to me.

Israel doesn’t fight against Hamas only, they fight against all civilians.

No, they fight against Hamas and these are civilian victims. It’s another question whether this method of Israel is a good one. This can be discussed but they have a right to defend themselves, this must be respected. And if this would be respected and if it would said that what Hamas did to the civilians and killed them like beasts, then we can talk. 

Then, how do you explain the increase of illegal settlements every day and there’s no Palestine will be left in near future?

Not in Gaza. In Gaza is no Israeli settlement since 2005, now invaded but there are not any settlements. Israel left the settlements. 

But Palestine issue continues.

That’s you divide Hamas and Gaza and the West Bank. And about the West Bank, I agree with you. I am against these Israeli settlements and I have told them. I was in September in Israel and have said it again the leading persons of the country. I said “leave, do not continue the settlement policy, I believe that it’s wrong and then I believe in the two-state solution”.

When there is an attack against Israel, you say that Israel has right to defend itself. 

We Germans killed 7 million Jews. 7 million Jews my country killed in the Holocaust… This creates moral responsibility. Sorry for that. Germany is in a special situation.

While Israel is increasing illegal settlements which is against international law, what did you do against Israel? Did Palestine not have any right to defend itself? No, you did not. Instead, you armed Israel against Palestinians.

Every day, I was, in the past, even part of the negotiations. I was a messenger between Prime Minister Ehud Olmert and Mahmud Abbas and I know Abbas very well. I worked all my life against the settlements. We have given Israel submarines but submarines are not active in Gaza.

But you provide weapons to Israel in general.

No, Israel gives more weapons to Germany than Germany gives to Israel. And Israel has a right to defend themselves, whether they do it now in a proper way, that is another story. I believe it could be done in another way. But to destroy Hamas after the Hamas made such the things the third or fourth time, this must be the right of self-defense, whether the self-defense is used in an acceptable way, that’s another story we can debate.

Let’s go back to Europe’s issues. Let’s go back to Germany. Chancellor Olaf Scholz described the Ukrainian War as a Zeitenwende (turning point). Germany has raised its defense expenditures. But the huge defense spending is drawing criticism at home and abroad. What do you think?

Look, Germany Army was underfinanced especially because of the Socialist never wanted it. That’s really exciting when the Socialists who are now in government, want to increase and have increased now the expenditure for that to make us able to defend our ourselves and do our job within NATO. That is a good development but I still believe it’s not enough. Yhere have to be done more. After 1990, we in Europe believed as in the rest of the world that is peace forever. We were wrong and all our strategy were built up was wrong because Europe meant   we have to never again defend our country in a classical war. And we have seen now and that it was based on the principles of sovereignty of nations and non-violation of borders of a country, which Russia, then Soviet Union has undersigned several times. But Putin has to destroy this principle and we are not prepared for that, and we prepare ourselves for that.

Let’s talk about the economy. The German economy is said to be deindustrializing. Do you agree? Is there such a threat to the German economy?

We’re still the third biggest economy in the world and the biggest in Europe. We have, at the moment, a government, red green yellow government which is not able to deal with that. It’s not a good government. That happens from time to time after elections. And this has to be changed. We have to get rid of bureaucracy. We have to make things much more competitive but the basis is still there and I think it will happen in short time that this policy will be changed. And therefore, I’m not so pessimistic. This is not the end of Germany forever. That we have a shrinking population, is true. That is true for all European nations. And that’s the problem and therefore I’m in favor of migration on a constructive migration.

But not Syrian migration right; Ukrainian is better. Would you accept that you have a double standard accepting migrants?

We have taken in hundreds of thousands Syrian migrants.

Türkiye have taken millions of them.

But Türkiye was paid by us.  

Several times, President Erdoğan complained that the funds are not delivered.

No, I myself has talked the first time about that to President Erdoğan in 2015. I prepared a paper about that. I got brought a message from President Erdoğan to Chancellor Angela Merkel. And she reacted too late. She needed three quarter of a year to react to that. But, we want to have in qualified workforce from other countries. Syrians, for example, have very talented medical doctors, very good. And we have a lot of Syrian doctors in Germany and we are open for that. But we cannot take in, every year, a million migrants. Nobody can deal with that. Also, migrants which are not ready to be integrated for a moment are not suitable. 

Instead, you wanted to pay Türkiye for dealing with that.

President Erdoğan made this proposal. It cannot be the world-unite in Germany; not from Africa, not from the Middle East; we cannot take all in. Then, we would have, every year, 3 million. 

Did President actually offer this deal? Because, we have borders with Syria and Türkiye obligatorily opened the borders. 

And therefore, we had to offer twice or three times the deal. It is a lot of money to help you with that. That was the deal on the compromise. Or do you want to have AFD (Alternative für Deutschland) and the right wing parties in power in Europe? Is that your choice? It would be not good for Türkiye. Turks are a lot in Germany. Turks are free to come. We have to see Turks positive. Turkish citizens played, now partly German citizens, played a very constructive role in Germany as did the Polish before. Germany was always developed in its economy by foreign workers. The beginning of the German strength in modern economics, in the beginning of last century on Polish. Poles built rural area. Later came the Italians and the Spaniards. And then in the 60’s came Turks. They are part of our society. It’s around 3 and a half million, 4 million Turks in Germany.

Talking about Türkiye, the EU membership is not in the agenda nowadays because there’s no hope for it. We don’t discuss it in Türkiye. We know that it’s not going to happen. Do you agree with this perspective that Turkish membership to EU will not happen ever and Türkiye is just being played by EU at the moment?

At the moment not, that has to do that Türkiye has to fulfill the Copenhagen criteria. We have a certain understanding about the political freedoms in this country, rule of law, and so on. But it’s not said yes and that is the point. What I believe is that, is the question we should do also to Ukraine and other countries, that first of all the Customs Union with Türkiye has to be modernized, which is very much in a common interest. Because many products, new products are not by the agreement. Therefore, it’s very much important, it’s very much in the economic interest. I have discussed other things also with Turkish leaders in the past. We should do first develop in a way as we have done it in the European economic area, where countries that were, especially the countries in the old EFTA (European Free Trade Association). With them, we met European Economic Area that they are fully members of the internal market of the European Union as we have it now with Norway and Iceland. But Sweden, Finland and Austria were also part of that but from that basis they made later the negotiation for full membership. The Norwegian decided not to do that because they wanted to be in that position as they are now. Here in that way to bring us closer together and very practical would be also a way in a step-by-step solution between European Union in Türkiye.

Let me ask my last question. There has been lots of debate inside the German coalition government regarding fiscal balance, debt brake, the Green Deal, and now, farmers’ protests are shaking the whole Europe. The FDP has signaled that it may leave the coalition and join forces with the main opposition CDU/CSU. Do you think the so-called traffic light coalition is obsolete now?

When I see the result of this coalition that it’s obsolete, but I do not know whether they will break up. It would be better for Germany if they would break up we had new elections. We have to see that the goal they had to combine competitiveness is fighting climate change is the right goal. But there were practically not able to do to deal with that. When they want to give not big business money but cut it with the farmers, it’s the wrong way. The farmers should not finance big business and therefore we have here and practical disagreement how to do that. It’s partly not a way for the goals it’s a question of the method how to achieve the goals. And here, the present government is a total disaster.

INTERVIEW

“The current interests of German capital coincide with the CDU-SPD coalition”

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Germany’s long-swinging SPD-Greens-FDP coalition government (“traffic light”) has collapsed. The collapse seems to have started when the FDP raised the flag to its coalition partners over the budget and the constitutional debt brake. But the German economy’s problems, which began before the Ukraine war and the anti-Russian sanctions, combined with high inflation, energy costs and a declining export market in China, have once again led to Europe’s largest economy being labeled a “sick man”.

Arnold Schölzel, a member of the editorial board of Junge Welt, Germany’s daily left-wing newspaper, argues that Germany’s growth, the war in Ukraine and the simultaneous financing of social expenditures have come to an end and that the FDP’s demand for sharp social cuts is in fact the program of the next federal government.

Schölzel points out that the CDU/CSU, which seems to be opposed to loosening the constitutional debt brake, is preparing to back down in a new government. Schölzel believes that there are still nuances between the parties and that this will be one of the issues of the upcoming election campaign.

Noting that German capital has interests in Eastern Europe and Ukraine, the journalist reminds that Eastern Europe in particular is a “reserve of cheap labor” for German industry and underlines that capital supports pro-war policies. Therefore, it is highly likely that the German economy will go along with the militarization of society from now on.

Schölzel sees the Alternative for Germany (AfD) as a “continuation of the CDU/CSU” and believes that the interests of German capital lie in a CDU-SPD coalition.

‘FDP ANNOUNCES PROGRAM FOR THE NEXT GOVERNMENT’

As it turns out, the collapse of the traffic light coalition in Germany was in fact long overdue. An economic crisis “invented” by the Ukraine war and anti-Russian sanctions, and defeats in this year’s European Parliament and East German state elections, had shown that the government’s time had come. Does the collapse lie simply in the difference in economic programs between the FDP and the SPD-Greens? How far do the parliamentary parties differ in their proposed solutions to the economic and political crisis in Germany?

This government was a wartime government from the start. It entered the USA’s proxy war in Ukraine with considerable financial resources and waged an economic war against Russia – with devastating consequences not for Russia, but for German industry. She accepted the blowing up of the Nord Stream 2 Baltic Sea pipeline, presumably  by the US-government. As a result, the German economy has been in recession for two years and is at the bottom of the list in terms of growth among the industrialized countries. This pushed the state budget to its limits. The simultaneous financing of growth impulses, war and social benefits is no longer possible. The FDP wanted sharp social cuts. In doing so, it announces the policies of the next federal government.

‘EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES A RESERVE OF CHEAP LABOR FOR GERMAN INDUSTRY’

The reactions to Chancellor Scholz and his government from the German business community are also striking. All the spokespeople of capital, especially the industrialists, align themselves with the CDU/CSU and demand immediate elections, citing the return of Donald Trump and the Ukrainian War as justification. But when it comes to the debate on the constitutional debt brake, there seems to be no unity. Is the debt brake really that important? Is it possible to support Ukraine, fight against Trump’s potential tariffs and at the same time reduce the German national debt?

The German capital was and is in agreement with Scholz’s war course. It has sharply reduced economic ties with Russia and also supports a hostile policy towards China, albeit more cautiously. Both industry and the CDU/CSU have now declared their willingness to reform the debt brake. They demand subsidies for industry and arms deliveries to Ukraine. The German economy has long-term interests there – as in all of Eastern Europe. The Eastern European countries serve as a workbench for German industry and as a reservoir for cheap labor. German industry sees it as Germany’s backyard. There are still differences on the question of how deep the social cuts should be. This will probably be the focus of the election campaign.

Does the German state see the economic restructuring program and the militarization of the state, the economy and society as one and the same? The new conscription law, the debate on conscription and the modernization of the Bundeswehr seem to be propagandized as a way out of the crisis. Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces Eva Högl said last summer that young people learn “structure, comradeship, a sense of duty” in the Bundeswehr, “all qualities from which the economy also benefits”. Are we facing a plan to militarize the economy?

Yes, those in power are concerned with the militarization of society as a whole. They say this quite openly: The Bundeswehr should advertise in schools – there is a new law for this in Bavaria. The healthcare system is gearing up to treat large numbers of injured people. The German War Minister Boris Pistorius (SPD) summarized this in the term “war capability”. It would have to be produced in four to five years because Russia would then probably attack NATO. Overall, it is a reactionary-militaristic restructuring of the state in which, above all, civil rights are restricted.

‘FASCISM IN GERMANY WAS REHABILITATED BY THE UKRAINE WAR’

When it comes to the Israeli aggression in Gaza, the AfD and the Greens support the same parliamentary bill. Similarly, when it comes to the “fight against irregular migration”, the CDU/CSU almost matches the AfD. Although all parties refuse to cooperate with the AfD, is it possible to say that AfD policies have already become “mainstream” in German politics? In any case, the AfD is likely to play a role in Germany’s future.

The AfD is a continuation of the politics of the CDU/CSU. The difference: It allows open fascists in the party. The CDU and CSU have been fighting racist incitement against migrants and asylum seekers for 40 years. The AfD has taken this over and expanded it: it has increased racism and consciously encourages violence. The AfD has always been on Israel’s side because of the oppression and murder of Muslims. This has increased further with the current genocide in Gaza. The Greens are the most bellicose German party today. They use racist clichés against Russia in the Ukraine war and completely agree with the racist position of the Netanyahu government. The Greens denounce any criticism of Israel’s policies as anti-Semitism and are successful in doing so. Because of the fascists in the AfD, there are still reservations among other parties at the federal level about working with the AfD. Things are different at the state level; cooperation works in the municipalities. Since fascism there was rehabilitated in Germany, particularly with the war in Ukraine, it may well be that the AfD will also be accepted at the federal level in a few years. As long as it still pretends to strive for peace with Russia, this is unlikely.

‘CONDITIONS ARE BEING CREATED FOR GREATER INDEPENDENCE FOR GERMAN IMPERIALISM’

It can also be linked to the question above: The cry for a “strong and decisive government” has an important place among the voices rising from within the ruling class. The polls indicate that the CDU/CSU would be the winning party in a possible federal snap election. Can the CDU/CSU alone meet this demand for a “strong and stable government”? Will German politics be forced to turn to “non-political” actors or institutions?

The date of the next federal election was negotiated between the CDU/CSU and SPD. This is symptomatic: they communicate despite all the rhetoric. As things currently stand, only a coalition of both parties can form the next government. In my opinion, this also corresponds to the current interests of the German capital. The ruling class is not yet committed to an authoritarian regime domestically, but is preparing the conditions for it. In terms of foreign policy, it cannot yet break away from the USA, but is striving for a stronger leadership role in the EU and perhaps in NATO. This also creates the conditions for greater independence for German imperialism in the future.

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INTERVIEW

‘Turkic world is preparing for economic integration’

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The Turkic Investment Fund, the first international financial institution of the Turkic world, is preparing to announce its policy document on January 1, 2025. Ambassador Baghdad Amreyev, President of the Turkic Investment Fund answered our questions.

You are quite new to the financial international cooperation institution. And you had your first Board of Directors meeting in May. Could you tell us what the outcomes of that meeting were, and what is the roadmap for implementing the strategies and resolutions that were discussed there?

As you know, the decision to establish the Turkic Investment Fund was made by the leaders of the Turkic world at their summit in Samarkand in 2022. In November 2022, they signed a special agreement for the establishment of the Turkic Investment Fund, which is the first financial mechanism and institution of the Turkic world. I was appointed as the founding president there.

We then began preparing the establishment agreement, and in a very short period of time, we finalized the agreement. On March 16, 2023, during an extraordinary summit of Turkic leaders in Ankara, the finance and economy ministers of our countries signed this establishment agreement in the presence of our leaders. It was a truly historic moment.

By the end of 2023, the ratification process was completed in our parliament, and as per the agreement, the Fund officially came into force on February 24, 2024. This is what we consider the “birthday” of the Fund.

A lot of organizational work has been completed since then. On May 18, as the President of the Turkic Investment Fund, I convened the inaugural meeting of the Board of Governors, which is the highest governing body of the Fund.

Cevdet Yılmaz, The Vice President of Türkiye also participated in that meeting, right?

Yes, The Vice President of Türkiye, His Excellency Mr. Cevdet Yılmaz, also participated in and chaired this meeting. It was a great honor for us.

The meeting was highly successful, and the Governors made several key decisions, including the completion of the institutionalization of the Fund. They also established the Board of Directors and gave them instructions to prepare key procedural documents and other necessary actions.

Since then, in June and August, I convened two meetings with the Board of Directors, during which we made crucial decisions for the commencement of the Fund’s operational activities. Establishing the operational structure and preparing the investment policy are ongoing tasks.

Our investment policy, in particular, is still being drafted.

The investment policy is still underway, then.

Yes, it is still underway. This is an essential document, as it will outline the priorities of the Fund, specify which projects we will focus on, and what our role will be.

During the first meeting of the Board of Governors, Mr. Ramil Babayev from Azerbaijan was appointed as Director General of the Turkic Investment Fund, responsible for managing the Fund’s operations.

Once the investment policy is finalized and the management structure is fully in place, we will be ready to commence operational activities.

I understand that your policy preparations are still in progress, but can you give us a sense of which key sectors or industries the Turkic Investment Fund will support?

Yes, our priorities are quite clear, and I have spoken about them on many occasions. First of all, it’s important to note that the Turkic Investment Fund serves multiple purposes. If we only needed to finance projects within our own countries, there would have been no need to establish a new fund. We already have numerous funds and banks for that.

However, the Turkic Investment Fund was established not only for financing projects within our countries but also to contribute to the economic integration of our nations. The Fund’s main focus will be to finance joint projects that promote integration and cooperation among our countries. This is vital for the unity and economic strength of the Turkic world.

Could you elaborate on the concept of economic integration for the Turkic world?

 

Any political or economic block has its final causes. Our goal is to bring together our economies to unite the potential to serve the Turkic world. Economic integration means working together to strengthen our economies and unite our economic potential. We are seven countries. By encouraging trade, facilitating investments, and supporting joint ventures in areas such as infrastructure, energy, and transportation, we aim to build a stronger and more united Turkic world.

What do you mean by “economic integration”? Are you talking about a common Turkic currency or infrastructure as part of this integration?

Economic integration doesn’t necessarily mean having a single currency or unified infrastructure, at least not initially. It’s more about deeper engagement in each other’s economies through joint projects, especially in key sectors such as energy, transportation, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

Our goal is to create an economic and political bloc that can work towards common objectives, much like the European Union or other regional groups. We need to support each other’s economies and collaborate on joint projects that benefit all our countries. This is a key condition for the unity of the Turkic world.

I understand the Fund was the missing part in the Turkic world. Now, you believe that you filled this gap.

The Turkic unity has been very fresh. The Organization of Turkic States and other related cooperation organizations were established 10-15 years ago only. It is very short period. Of course, we need time. I am sure the Turkic Investment Fund will accelerate this process.

We need to work together to make our economies more competitive and resilient. Over time, the Turkic Investment Fund aims to become the primary financial tool for promoting economic integration within the Turkic world.

One of the Fund’s key priorities is to attract foreign investments into our countries. There are two ways to do this: First, by supporting national projects and encouraging foreign partners to participate, and second, by collaborating with other international financial institutions, such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Asian Development Bank, and Islamic Development Bank, among others.

Of course, we are not able to finance ourselves for huge projects but those financial institutions are so eager to contribute to our projects.

Well, Ambassador Amreyev, I understand that you have a positive cooperative perspective regarding other powers in Asia in terms of both institutions and countries. But at the same time, they bring some kind of geopolitical challenges. China, Russia, some other neighbouring European countries… How would Turkic Investment Fund navigate these geopolitical challenges? Following this, another question could be that: If the Turkic block rising as a global power and Turkic Investment Fund wants to be an active player in finance sector, how would you sustain your strategies given those facts?

The investment fund is a financial institution, not a political organization. This is why the Turkic Investment Fund is not involved in the geopolitical competition or challenges of today’s troubled world. Yes, we recognize the dramatic challenges facing the global community, but addressing those is the job of politicians. As financiers, our role is to contribute to cooperation rather than competition. By focusing on cooperation, we can help mitigate some of these global challenges and reduce the intensity of international competition.

Our role, therefore, is a positive one, working with other economic and financial institutions. Through constructive cooperation and joint projects, we aim to support and promote collaborative efforts in our complex world.

On the other hand, we also recognize that globalization has significantly increased competition worldwide. Consequently, our countries face challenges in attracting investments. This competition is real, and our goal is to help our countries navigate these challenges and become more competitive. By successfully supporting the growth of our economies, we can play a crucial role in enhancing the competitiveness of our nations.

Currently, six countries are full members of the Turkic Investment Fund—Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Hungary. We also expect that Turkmenistan will join as the seventh full member soon. Additionally, the Turkic Investment Fund is open to cooperation with non-member institutions. Our establishment agreement allows other countries to join if they meet the required conditions and agree to the terms. This allows for constructive cooperation with external partners as well.

Regarding international financial institutions, we are open to working with all of them. We are already in negotiations and have observed a growing interest from various financial institutions in collaborating with us. By working with large financial funds, banks, and institutions, we can participate in significant development and infrastructure projects within our member countries.

These large financial institutions recognize the need for cooperation, and this implies substantial investments in major infrastructure projects. For example, there is growing interest in expanding energy infrastructure in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, particularly in light of the Russia-Ukraine war, which has increased the importance of the Turkic world for Europe. We know that the European Union plans to invest billions of euros in energy projects within the Turkic region. Can you give more information about the projects?

Large infrastructure projects are costly and require the participation of multiple financial institutions. As I mentioned, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, as well as several Asian banks, are keen on establishing such cooperation. We already have several projects in the pipeline, particularly in the energy sector to be financed. While Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan are oil and gas producers, what we need now is more cross-border energy infrastructure such as pipelines and powerlines to transport these resources efficiently.

Building the transportation network is important, not just for production but also for consumers. That’s why we see growing interest from other international financial institutions. Our national governments have plans, and I know Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan are involved in initiatives to build gas pipelines from Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan, Türkiye, and Europe. Our countries and our European partners are paying great attention to these projects.

There are also other energy projects in the Turkic world. For example, there are major plans to build an energy plant in Kyrgyzstan that will serve Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. These huge infrastructure projects are already being studied by various financial institutions, and there are numerous areas for cooperation. Of course, we are closely working with our governments, monitoring their priorities, plans, and programs. We also consider the decisions made by national governments and at our summits and intergovernmental commissions, ensuring that we align with the priorities of our member states, which are our shareholders.

We know that Hungary, for example, has been highly appreciated by the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) for its contributions, especially during its EU presidency. Hungary’s role in connecting Europe and the Turkic world is considered very important. At the same time, Hungary has officially stated that it is contributing a significant amount of money to the Turkic Investment Fund. Can you give more information on this?

Yes, this is not a secret. The fund was initially established by five member states, and then Hungary joined with an equal share. Each country contributed $100 million, making the initial capital of the fund $600 million. As I’ve mentioned, this starting capital will be significantly increased in the coming years to make the fund more competitive and attractive for cooperation with other international financial institutions.

Will the shares always remain equal?

Not necessarily. The initial capital was contributed in equal shares, but additional capital may be decided later and won’t necessarily follow the same distribution. As for Hungary, it has joined as a full member with the same share as other members. I must say that Hungary has played a very constructive role in Turkic cooperation since they joined the Organization of Turkic States in 2018. Hungary actively participates in all cooperation mechanisms alongside other OTS member states. Recently, I was in Budapest, where we finalized Hungary’s accession to the fund, making them a full member. Hungary truly plays an indispensable role in connecting the Turkic world to Europe, and between the European Union and the Organization of Turkic States. We appreciate Hungary’s role, and I believe it will continue to grow in the future, contributing not only to the integration of the Turkic world but also to its global integration into the world economy through closer cooperation with the EU.

Just to clarify about the contributions to the fund—how much will be each country paying? For instance, in Türkiye, there is discussion about whether Türkiye is contributing state funds for projects like energy infrastructure and pipelines in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. People are curious about the exact figures to be transferred from treasury to the investments in other countries.

As with any international financial institution, all decisions regarding project financing and prioritization will be made by the Board of Directors. The interests and contributions of each country will be considered, and there won’t be any “losers”—only winners.

Thank you very much for this great interview, Ambassador. It sounds like many things are still in progress, but can you give us one headline for now? Which region of the world is most likely to cooperate with you on large-scale projects in the near future? Will it be Europe, Asia, Russia, or the Gulf countries? What will be the biggest surprise regarding Turkic Investment Fund cooperation?

First of all, the Turkic Investment Fund is a newly established financial institution, and we will commence our operational activities on January 1, 2025. We are in close contact and negotiations with financial institutions in Europe, Asia, the Islamic world, and the Arab world. We see strong interest from their side, and we are equally eager to develop relationships with them.

I think the biggest surprise will be our success in the Turkic region, within our member states. We are seriously committed to contributing to the economic development of our countries and supporting entrepreneurs who are working together on joint projects. We are here to support them and encourage more joint ventures among the Turkic countries and their companies.

As I mentioned, the ultimate goal is to contribute to greater economic integration among the Turkic countries, which will serve as the foundation for a more united Turkic world. This is our main purpose.

Thank you, Ambassador Baghdad Amreyev, for this diplomatic interview. We look forward to hearing more after January 1, when the policies, investments, and projects of the Turkic Investment Fund are officially launched.

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We asked experts about BRICS – 3: What are the challenges facing the member countries?

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As the fallout from the BRICS Summit in Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan in the Russian Federation, continues, we put questions about the agenda to Dr. Nina Ladygina-Glazounova, the General director of the BRICS & SCO Innovative Diplomacy Centre.

Ilber Vasfi Sel: Mrs Nina, you also attended the summit in Kazan. You are already continuing your work as a “professional “bricsologist” in the institution of which you are the General director and co-founder. For Vladimir Putin, the President of the Russian Federation, the summit is seen as both symbolic and practical. What do you think? How do you assess the significance of this summit for Russia? How will this summit affect Russia’s global agenda? There are also competing countries within BRICS. Given the rivalries and conflicts among the member countries, how do you see the BRICS goal of deepening cooperation in various fields?

Nina Ladygina-Glazounova: The significance of the BRICS Summit in Kazan for Russia lies primarily in the complete failure of the West’s policy of isolating Russia, demonstrating recognition of Russia’s long-term importance on the world stage, despite the general tensions. The BRICS Summit in Kazan has become the event of the century, bringing together heads of delegation’s from Azerbaijan, Armenia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bolivia, Congo, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Mauritania, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Palestine, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam and Republika Srpska (an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina).23 of them were at the level of Heads of State and Government not only from the BRICS member countries (Russia, Brazil, United Arab Emirates, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, South Africa and Saudi Arabia as an invited country), but also from the countries of the Global South, which showed great interest in the Summit, as well as the heads of five international organisation’s: the United Nations (Secretary-General – Antonio Guterres), the Eurasian Economic Commission (Chairman – Bakytjan Abdiruli Sagittayev), the Commonwealth of Independent States (Secretary General – Sergei Lebedev), the State of the Union of Russia and Belarus (State Secretary – Dmitry Mezentsev), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (Secretary General – Zhang Ming) and the BRICS New Development Bank (Bank President – Dilma Rousseff).

We asked experts about BRICS – 1: Can the independent BRICS payment system succeed?

The declaration issued on the 23 of October, after the meetings of the Sherpas and heads of delegations of the BRICS countries, the way to promote the institutional development of BRICS adopted by consensus, and for the first time in history of BRICS, the countries included in the union are not specified in the first paragraph of the declaration.

What could this mean?

It can be assumed that the main reason is primarily due to the expansion and uncertain status of Saudi Arabia, which is still in the process of accepting its status as a full member, although it participated as an equal in most BRICS formats and meetings.

Particular attention was also paid to the media, ICT and the dangers of fake news and the dissemination of unverified information about our countries.

Thanks to the summit and the whole range of horizontal formats of this year, Russia was able to expand its opportunities to enter new markets during its year of its Chairmanship in the BRICS, which is certainly a positive moment, and the country should have followed this direction from the very beginning, from the moment of its formation, and not look only at Western countries as the main direction. Now, if we look at it as a “puzzle”, the process of diversifying the economy and moving away from production focused exclusively on components from abroad has begun, and the influence of foreign component manufacturers on us has gradually diminished. Russia has agreed to sign a comprehensive strategic partnership agreement with Iran.

Also, thanks to the summit, Russia was able to once again to discuss the main points and reach an agreement with Iran on signing a comprehensive strategic partnership agreement.

Today we can confidently say that the most powerful BRICS countries are Russia, China, India and Iran. In other words, countries that have become the antipode of the unipolar Western world… We can talk about a global union of BRICS countries that surpasses the G7 in its parameters, and this is about the economic future of our planet.

Despite their common objectives and their focus on a multipolar world, and despite the preservation of their own identities, the BRICS countries face various forms of competition and territorial challenges, especially with their neighbours.

China and India are both large emerging economies competing for the influence in global markets and the developing world, and have territorial disputes with each other. At the same time, India and China announced progress in resolving long-standing border issues with the help of Russia’s diplomatic efforts, and this was a significant achievement at the summit. We see geopolitical tensions between Russia and South Africa have emerged since the start of the special military operation. Russia and China are close partners in all areas, but there are areas in the individual political agendas of both countries where they may clash, such as in Central Asian countries like Kazakhstan.

During the summit, BRICS countries and their future partners drew attention to Palestine and the Middle East region as a whole, while nearly two billion Muslims around the world watched the events in Kazan. Many heads of delegation’s declared their position in support of Palestine, a very sensitive and fragile region that requires rapid peaceful coexistence and compliance with UN conventions. Accordingly, the Summit adopted a strong final declaration that underlined the importance of the Palestinian issue for the world Muslim community.

We see how Brazil is not very happy with Venezuela’s rapprochement with the BRICS and this is one of the main reasons why we do not see it in the list of partner countries (13 countries have been granted BRICS partner country status: Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Uganda and Vietnam), like Pakistan is not on the list because of the position of India. But BRICS will not be a platform for confrontation in relation to the G7 due to different ideas about the world order in different states and civilizations. We have Narendra Modi, who builds his policy on resolving all conflicts in the world peacefully and through negotiations, but he very rarely touches on issues related to Pakistan… Because there has been a conflict between them for many years and at the same time we see how China and Russia are promoting Pakistan as a BRICS partner now.

Therefore, I believe that BRICS should promote mutually beneficial areas of cooperation, such as increasing trade turnover, mutual investment to avoid conflicts, it is necessary to resolve issues of demarcation of spheres of influence in certain regions “on the shore”, socio-humanitarian exchanges to allow us to get to know each other better and perhaps “bury the hatche” in the case of some countries, as well as regulate possible interventions in cultural expansion, like the Republic of Turkey is doing through “soft power”.

On the other hand, we have South America, that is very unstable in every sense, socially, politically, economically, and under the strong influence of the United States. But it is important to remember that when you come to the BRICS as a platform, you have to forget all this (competition and territorial challenges), because you have to think about the big picture and the global agenda. And the Kazan Summit, which can be called truly peaceful, was the event that brought together some of the participants in the BRICS+ format, for example, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, to discuss advancing the bilateral peace agenda, including a peace treaty, border demarcation and other issues of mutual interest, and encouraged them to negotiate to resolve mutual issues that had previously stalled.

Summit declaration also describes the mechanisms already in place for foreign exchange reserves in national currencies. Although they are not yet as large and comprehensive as existing institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank, but they already pose a serious threat to them. The BRICS Pay mechanism has also been launched – a payment system project similar to the Chinese CIPS system and the international SWIFT system, to which you can link international payment cards Visa and Mastercard or national bank cards such as MIR, RuPay, China UnionPay and use it in the BRICS+ countries. A direct, clear and effective way to find collective solutions with the participation of developing countries is de-dollarization through the ever-wider use of national currencies and it is time for us to have what we call a new reserve currency.

The convergence of representatives of numerous civilisations and cultures, who unconsciously want to promote their own agendas for the good of their own countries, makes it difficult to take decisions towards something united on issues that are only open to the countries of the Global South, such as the reform of the UN Security Council or climate change (recall that Vladimir Putin also carefully hinted at this in his statement about using the green agenda to harm society).

It is clear that the role of the BRICS will increase, and the BRICS countries are already driving global economic growth, shifting the geopolitical landscape towards Eurasia and the South as a whole. According to the results of the current year, the average economic growth rate of the BRICS is estimated at 4 per cent. This is higher than the G7’s rate of just 1.7 per cent. With such a difference in economic growth rates, most of the increase in global GDP in the foreseeable future will be generated in the BRICS. OPEC Plus is actually part of the BRICS, and Russia and Saudi Arabia are actually the leaders there. They set global oil prices. But it is worth remembering that most of the trading platforms are owned by Western companies that lobby their interests to fight this, and it is necessary to unite for a common and prosperous future.

BRICS is different from the UN in that everyone sits at the same table and has an equal voice with a more equitable representation of member states. Perhaps BRICS can be an alternative to the UN in the future, the reform of which is advocated by all BRICS countries. But it will be a long process.

Aware of their problems and territorial disputes, the BRICS countries want to focus on a common agenda of global cooperation. From 1 January 2024, with the accession of new countries to the Union, strong ties and dialogue should be established in the name of a common goal, not just “a priori”, since such a format should not be based as an association on the Anglo-Saxon ideology with the primacy of the United States and European colonial powers. The Union has enormous potential to promote common interests and to foster multipolar global governance based on equality and respect.

BRICS as an association has enormous potential to advance common interests and promote multipolar global governance based on equality and respect. Consensus is also, on the one hand, a guarantee that the national interests of any participant are guaranteed, but also a factor that does not simplify the introduction of negotiations.

Ilber Vasfi Sel: Dr. Ladygina-Glazounova, Harici thank you for your comprehensive and insightful responses.

We asked experts about BRICS – 2: Can Türkiye join BRICS?

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