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Beyond inflation: Europe’s central banks step into the political arena

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Officials at central banks in Europe are stepping beyond their traditional roles as guardians of price stability.

According to Bloomberg, European Central Bank (ECB) President Christine Lagarde and Bundesbank President Joachim Nagel are among those raising their voices on issues such as defense and reforming the European Union’s decision-making process.

These are high-stakes topics once considered off-limits for technocrats.

The motivations vary. Some believe it is necessary to reinvigorate public debate because populists are muddying the economic environment.

With inflation returning to a level near 2%, others feel freer to engage in broader discussions, partly to build a legacy and partly to position themselves for the renewal of ECB leadership.

But with a fierce war raging on the EU’s eastern flank and political leaders struggling to find a convincing response to growing competition from the US and China, many policymakers feel it is up to them to have a say.

While some national central banks have leeway to express opinions on matters like fiscal policy, crossing boundaries could lead to retaliation from governments, jeopardizing the central bank independence that became standard in the second half of the 20th century.

It is emphasized that Bundesbank chief Nagel perhaps best captures this shift, calling it “modern central banking.”

In his own country, Nagel has made proposals to reform borrowing rules and has campaigned against the right-wing AfD. For the EU, he has proposed joint borrowing to finance armies and supported Lagarde’s call for majority voting procedures to prevent single member states from hijacking important initiatives.

“As the world around us changes, I think central banking must also change to some degree. We cannot stand still,” he said during a debate on stage with his French counterpart, Francois Villeroy de Galhau, in Paris this month.

Villeroy shares a similar view, linking such issues to the ECB’s inflation mandate. But from a broader perspective, he believes the ECB has a responsibility to step in as governments and political parties lose influence.

“We are providing a general light, not giving a lecture. I think we are failing in our duty if we do not address broader issues like structural policies, which are now also closely linked to inflation,” the French banker said.

Unlike the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England, the ECB has a history of expanding its mandate’s boundaries. Its most notable interventions include helping struggling countries with austerity and structural reforms during Europe’s sovereign debt crisis and Lagarde’s effort to integrate climate change into operations.

The latest agenda item is joint debt, which Villeroy has brought back to the table as a way to strengthen European capital markets and the euro’s global role.

Lagarde, who has spoken at length about changing geopolitical conditions, touched on this topic within a week, shortly after Nagel.

Some in Brussels attribute the Germans’ openness to maneuvering to the upcoming changes on the ECB’s Executive Board. Four of the six members of the Executive Board, including Lagarde herself, will be replaced by the end of 2027.

Nagel has not ruled out running for the top position, and his statements could endear him to other parts of the region. Indeed, Olli Rehn of Finland, a candidate for the ECB vice presidency, has expressed similar views.

However, this is a topic that German Chancellor Friedrich Merz, who would have to support Nagel’s future candidacy, is not very enthusiastic about.

There are other obstacles as well. In an environment where Donald Trump is pressuring the Fed to lower borrowing costs, politicians in France and Italy have in recent months called on the ECB not only to cut interest rates but also to restart quantitative easing.

Europe

EIB to unveil 15 billion euro tech initiative to scale European startups

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The European Investment Bank (EIB) will announce a €15 billion initiative today, in collaboration with EU capitals and private investors, aimed at supporting the growth of European technology companies.

For decades, startups on the continent have struggled to raise the large-scale funding rounds necessary to scale on this side of the Atlantic, frequently turning to US investors or relocating abroad as they expand.

“We are catching up. Now we need to accelerate,” EIB President Nadia Calviño said.

Under the existing European Tech Champions Initiative, the EIB had already pooled resources with six EU governments to establish funds that invest in high-growth companies across the EU.

Calviño described the initiative as “very successful,” noting that it has supported 12 European “unicorn” companies valued at over $1 billion, including the German artificial intelligence translation firm DeepL.

The bank is now expanding the program with a new phase nearly four times the size of the original.

Twenty-five EU governments, alongside private investors such as Santander and Danske Bank, are expected to participate in the program.

This initial €15 billion aims to mobilize up to €80 billion in total investment. Calviño stated that this estimate is based on the multiplier effects achieved under previous programs.

As part of these efforts, the EIB also aims to attract European pension funds, which manage immense pools of capital but have historically allocated fewer resources to technology investments compared to their US counterparts.

In addition to the new funding, Calviño noted that the EIB will create a platform providing a single point of access for existing European scale-up initiatives, including the European Commission’s Scaleup Europe Fund, France’s Tibi initiative, and Germany’s Win initiative.

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Germany to purchase US Tomahawk missiles to build own long-range strike capability

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Germany will purchase Tomahawk cruise missiles from the United States and deploy them on German territory, Chancellor Friedrich Merz announced on Thursday.

The move marks a shift away from planned US deployments and toward Germany establishing its own long-range strike capability.

Merz told lawmakers that he finalized the agreement with the US government during the NATO summit in Ankara, adding that the talks held on Tuesday and Wednesday had exceeded his expectations.

“While we close a critical strategic gap in our defense, we are also working to develop our own European systems and deploy them in Europe,” the Chancellor said.

According to German government sources, Washington committed in a letter of intent signed on Tuesday to approve Germany’s acquisition of Tomahawk missiles and their land-based Typhon launchers in August.

The number of missiles and launchers Germany plans to purchase was not disclosed because the information is classified.

The planned acquisition appears aligned with US President Donald Trump’s pressure on European allies to cover their own security costs, such as by purchasing US weapons.

The fate of the Tomahawk procurement had become uncertain after Trump announced in May that he would reduce the US military presence in Germany.

That development was seen as a cancellation of a plan made under the previous administration to deploy a US battalion equipped with long-range Tomahawk missiles to Germany.

That original plan was designed as a temporary solution to serve as a strong deterrent against Russia while Europeans developed their own versions of such weapons.

Germany produces its own cruise missile, the Taurus, but its range of approximately 311 miles is three to five times shorter than that of the Tomahawk missiles.

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Apple loses EU court appeal over Digital Markets Act gatekeeper designation

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The General Court of the European Union has rejected Apple’s challenges against its “gatekeeper” status designated under the Digital Markets Act (DMA).

With this ruling, the company’s designated status for the App Store and iOS remains valid, while its applications regarding iMessage were also rejected.

Apple had argued that the five separate App Stores it operates for the iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac, and Apple TV should be evaluated as distinct, individual services.

The court rejected this argument, ruling that these stores serve a common purpose of connecting developers and users, regardless of the specific device.

The court also dismissed Apple’s defense that the DMA’s interoperability obligations violate its fundamental rights.

However, it did not conduct a substantive assessment on the legality of this obligation, stating that a direct legal link could not be established between the regulation in question and the determination of “gatekeeper” status.

Following the ruling, Apple argued that the obligations under the DMA “exceed the boundaries of legality and proportionality.” The company asserted that the new rules jeopardize the work it has carried out for years to ensure user privacy and security.

Apple retains the right to appeal the decision, though a company spokesperson did not comment on whether there are plans to do so.

Apple previously declared that DMA rules prevented the launch of the updated version of Siri in Europe, resulting in European users being unable to benefit from the service.

In force in the European Union since 2024, the DMA covers a total of 22 services and products belonging to Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft.

The regulation obliges these companies to share certain data with competitors, provide access to user-generated data, and offer verification tools to advertising partners.

Additionally, it prohibits platforms from engaging in anti-competitive practices that favor their own products. Companies failing to comply with the rules face fines of up to 10% of their global turnover, which can rise to 20% in cases of repeated violations.

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