Asia
Technical and political messages of the “Hwasong-15” test
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) conducted a Hwasong-15 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) test on Saturday as a warning to the United States and South Korea and to test the readiness of special units under its newly formed Missile General Bureau.
“The military threats of the United States and South Korea are becoming too serious to be ignored,” the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) reported on Sunday, noting that it has demonstrated its “efforts to turn its capacity of fatal nuclear counterattack on hostile forces.”
Kim Yo Jong, sister of the country’s leader Kim Jong Un, had warned Seoul and Washington of a “overwhelming counteraction” to “hostility” in a separate statement published by KCNA on Sunday. South Korean fighter jets flew alongside American F-16 fighter jets to escort South Korean warplanes and a B-1B bomber, the South Korean Joint Chiefs of Staff said on Sunday.
“The training aimed at demonstrating the timely and immediate deployment of the U.S. extended deterrence assets to the Korean Peninsula,” the statement said.
Following a joint flight report from South Korea, two short-range ballistic missiles fired from Sukchon areas in South Pyongan province of the DPRK into the East Sea at 06:59 and 07:04 am on February 20, 2023. It is reported that the artillery unit of the Korean People’s Army fired two shots from the 600-mm multiple rocket launcher during firing drills, and that they flew 395 km and 337 km, respectively.
Extended deterrence: Hwasong-15 (KN-22)

The missile, which was launched from Pyongyang International Airport on Saturday at 17.22 KST and hit a target in international waters 989 km away within the borders of the Sea of Japan, reportedly achieved maximum performance. The missile set a new record with a total of 66 minutes of flight at an altitude of about 5,768 km.
The DPRK began developing the Hwasong-15 sometime before 2017. The U.S. intelligence community had pointed out that it was aware of the development of the Hwasong-15 before its first test, and that the design was entirely in partnership with the Hwasong-14 and Hwasong-12 missile designs.

The HWASONG-15, which was first tested for the first time on November 28, 2017, was flying for 53 minutes to reach a maximum height of 4,500 km and 960 km.
The Hwasong-15 was first tested on November 28, 2017, from a site 30 km north of Pyongyang, revealing changes in the engine and launch values. In its first test, the missile flew for 53 minutes, reaching a maximum altitude of 4,500 km and a range of 960 km. Thus, it was reported that the missile could travel up to 10,000 km, enough to hold the continental United States at risk.
Technical development process and increased range
Although the missile appears to employ two of the Hwasong-14’s “Korean-style high-thrust” engines in its first stage, it is powered by Pektusan-B variant engines, an indigenously produced variant of the Soviet-designed RD-250 engine, each of which exerts 48 tons of thrust.

This increases the take-off thrust compared to the HS-14 only to 170% (788 kN SL) because the steering engines are missing. The function of the steering engines is provided through vectors on the main engine. The propulsion of the second stage, which will take place after 129 seconds, is completely unclear. The second stage is probably to be powered by a down-scaled Unha-3 variant engine. Considering these values, it points to a longer range than the first test, with engines and missile technology being developed day by day. Statements, flight values and technical information from Pyongyang include a range of 13,000 km.

Source: N.Brügge
On Saturday, Japanese Defense Minister Yasukazu Hamada said that “the missile was estimated to have a range of over 14,000 km, in this case, that would put the entire United States within its range,” confirming the progress of the DPRK missile development process.
Kim Yo-jong vows unprecedented strong responses
Speaking after the launch, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that “the United States are prepared to engage with North Korea without any preconditions.”
Kim Yo-jong, sister of DPRK leader Kim Jong-un and chairman of the State Affairs Commission, made harsh statements.

Kim Yo-jong – (DPRK) Deputy Department Director of the Publicity and Information Department of the Workers’ Party of Korea
Kim said they never trusted Washington’s repeated assurances that it did not have a hostile policy towards Pyongyang, adding: “I warn that we will watch every movement of the enemy and take corresponding and very powerful and overwhelming counteractions against every move hostile to us.”
Addressing their stance on South Korea, Kim reassured that “intercontinental missiles will not be aimed at Seoul,” adding that the DPRK leadership “still has no intention of engaging in dialogue.”
South Korean government wants to gain momentum on ‘nuclear weapons’
The South Korean ruling People Power Party (PPP) warned that if Pyongyang “continues its military provocations, South Korea will accelerate its acquisition of its own nuclear weapons.”
Party spokesman Chung Jin-suk said: “We have a clear option on North Korea’s nuclear weapons. We must first secure a concrete nuclear deterrence.”
Asia
Pentagon plans covert spy ring for economic war on China, report says
The US Department of War (Pentagon) is reportedly planning to establish an extensive network of deep-cover agents to wage economic warfare against China and other adversaries of the US.
According to a report by The Washington Post citing six sources familiar with the initiative, the plan has not yet been put into effect. The newspaper reported that the initiative remains at the planning stage. The Pentagon, however, denies that any such initiative exists.
The report said the operatives would pose as entrepreneurs or private sector employees while concealing their ties to the US government. The network’s mission would be to gather economic intelligence and counter China.
The programme is led by Tom Rakusa, who spent 39 years at the CIA. Rakusa serves as a senior adviser to Deputy Secretary of Defence Steve Feinberg.
The proposed spy network is seen as part of a broader policy by the Donald Trump administration to sharpen economic competition with other countries.
The US is already resorting to tariffs, export controls, and investment in strategic sectors, alongside expanding its economic intelligence gathering.
According to The Washington Post, the new initiative demonstrates the Pentagon’s growing influence under the Trump administration. The department is currently seeking a record budget of $1.5 trillion.
Trade war flares up again with Trump’s return to the White House
The trade friction between the US and China flared up again following Donald Trump’s return to the White House. In April 2025, Washington raised tariffs on Chinese goods to as much as 145%, and Beijing retaliated with tariffs of up to 125%.
In May, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio described China as the primary geopolitical challenge facing Washington. Rubio said that to avoid war, the two sides needed to manage their conflict of interests.
In July, Chinese expert Zheng Yongnian did not simply warn that underestimating the US could prove to be a “fatal mistake”; he stated it explicitly.
According to Zheng’s assessment, the US maintains its primacy through the role of the dollar, its military superiority, and its technological advantages.
Even so, the two sides agreed in June to declare a truce and lower tariffs. In autumn 2026, the US and China extended their trade truce until 10 January 2027.
US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said the extension would give the parties more time to discuss economic issues.
Trade deals do not eliminate the strategic contradictions between the two countries. Financial Times columnist Rana Foroohar likened the race between the two nations for commercial, technological, and geopolitical influence to the 19th-century “Great Game” between the Russian and British empires.
Foroohar cited China’s standing in shipbuilding and commercial maritime transport, as well as its expanding footprint in overseas ports, among its key advantages.
Asia
Japan plans curbs on short-term home sales to cool urban prices
Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) plans to restrict short-term property trading to rein in surging home prices in major urban centres, particularly Tokyo.
Led by Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi, the party aims to make support for working households a core priority ahead of local elections scheduled for April next year.
The LDP’s research commission on housing and land policy met on Wednesday to discuss the issue.
According to a report by the Nikkei Asia newspaper, Commission Chair and LDP lawmaker Midori Matsushima said at the opening of the meeting: “Prices of newly built condominiums across Tokyo’s 23 wards have doubled over the past decade. We must work on measures ensuring that people who wish to live in these homes can actually afford to buy them.”
Homeownership in the capital has become virtually unattainable for broad segments of the population. According to data from the Real Estate Economic Institute, the average sale price of a newly built condominium in Tokyo’s 23 wards rose %18.5 in fiscal 2025 compared with the previous year, reaching 137.84 million yen (around $872,000).
Meanwhile, statistics from the Ministry of Labour show that the average annual income of a full-time worker in the capital remained at 6.78 million yen in fiscal 2025. This widening gap between incomes and residential property prices is directly shaping political priorities.
During its campaign for the House of Representatives election in February, the LDP pledged to curb speculative transactions across metropolitan Tokyo and other regions. Earlier this month, a party project team focused on policies concerning foreign nationals also submitted a recommendation urging the government to introduce immediate tax measures against rising home prices.
Under current legislation, profits realized from properties sold within five years of acquisition are classified as “short-term capital gains”. These returns face a tax rate approaching %40, including income tax and local inhabitant tax.
Although this rate is twice the approximately %20 levied as “long-term capital gains” tax on properties held for more than five years, several party members argue it remains insufficient to deter speculation. Calls to tighten the framework may be considered as part of the annual tax reform package to be drafted in December alongside the LDP’s coalition partner, the Japan Innovation Party.
The ruling bloc wants to present concrete housing pledges to voters heading to the polls in April across numerous urban centres, including 22 of Tokyo’s wards where local assembly terms expire.
“We need to support families with children, who are typically at the stage of purchasing a home,” a senior LDP official said.
Opposition parties are also preparing alternative proposals that target not only prospective homebuyers, but also residents forced into the rental market by high property prices and now affected by escalating rents.
Tax steps take precedence over limits on foreign buyers
Several countries seeking answers to housing affordability pressures have imposed direct restrictions on foreign purchasers. In South Korea, real estate policies played a major part in the declining public approval ratings of President Lee Jae Myung.
In August 2025, authorities in Seoul introduced an approval requirement for foreign nationals buying homes in the capital and adjacent areas, while also mandating that buyers reside in the properties for at least two years.
Canada and Australia have enacted temporary bans on foreign residential purchases, while Singapore levies a %60 additional stamp duty on foreign buyers.
The role of overseas investors in Japan’s property market also drew debate during the February election. However, restrictions aimed directly at foreign nationals are viewed as potentially conflicting with international trade and services agreements.
Consequently, rather than imposing restrictions based on the nationality of buyers, the government is discussing tax measures aimed at speculative real estate deals, such as rapid resales.
Fears that sharp market measures could shake regional banks
Concerns have also surfaced that aggressive steps to force down prices could harm the wider national economy.
A senior LDP tax official cautioned that a steep drop in land prices could weaken local financial institutions, warning: “We must consider the impact on regional banks.”
The real estate sector accounts for roughly %18 of total lending by Japanese banks. This proportion sits well above the %10 level recorded during Japan’s bubble economy of the mid-to-late 1980s.
At certain regional banks, property lending accounts for nearly half of total loan portfolios.
According to March 2025 data from the Financial Services Agency, approximately one-quarter of all loans extended by regional banks to the real estate sector are concentrated directly in Tokyo’s five central wards.
Buoyant asset valuations, supported in part by rising stock indices, have underpinned strong public approval for the Takaichi administration. Observers note that property interventions designed to cool the market could drag down equity prices and weaken the government’s standing.
A senior official on the LDP research commission stressed that decision-makers must act with caution regarding the scope and timing of any measures intended to bring price increases under control.
Asia
South Korea plans $120B spend on eight US nuclear power plants
South Korea will spend $120 billion to construct eight nuclear power plants in the US under an agreement that provides for $350 billion in investments in exchange for lower tariffs.
The South Korean government also announced that Seoul and Washington will begin examining a liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Alaska comprising a large-scale pipeline to transport natural gas from the north of the state to the south, alongside the construction of an LNG terminal for exports overseas.
Seoul stated that a decision regarding the LNG project will be made following a commercial feasibility study. However, US President Donald Trump said that South Korea would invest $54 billion in the project, pointing to an apparent lack of full coordination between the two sides on the matter.
Trade and Industry Minister Kim Jung-kwan said in a statement: “This announcement opens a new horizon of cooperation where the two countries join forces to develop joint commercial ventures in strategic areas directly linked to economic security and future sectors such as artificial intelligence, nuclear energy, and LNG.”
“We will adhere to the principle of prioritising national interests and investing solely in commercially viable projects,” Kim said.
Speaking at the White House, Trump characterised South Korea’s plans as “one of the largest energy infrastructure investments in American history”.
The announcement followed a meeting between Trump and South Korean President Lee Jae Myung roughly one year ago at the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting held in South Korea, where they agreed on the creation of a $350 billion investment fund.
Under that agreement, $150 billion was allocated to the shipbuilding sector and $200 billion to other sectors. In return, the US announced it would reduce tariffs imposed on goods imported from South Korea from 25% to 15%.
Under the nuclear power project, South Korea’s state-controlled utility will build two plants in the US, while Pennsylvania-based Westinghouse Electric will construct six plants.
According to the South Korean government, this will mark the first instance in which a foreign country builds its own nuclear power plants in the US.
South Korean firms are also evaluating the possibility of acquiring a stake in Westinghouse as part of negotiations over sharing profits generated by the project.
South Korea additionally announced that it will build a $22.3 billion natural gas-fired power plant in Texas with a capacity of 6,472 megawatts.
The facility will be designed to supply electricity directly to nearby data centres. The project’s first phase is targeted to begin commercial operations in 2029, with full-capacity operations slated for 2032.
Seoul also disclosed that it had agreed to allow the US to receive 50% of the profits generated by the projects until South Korea recoups all of its investments.
After South Korea fully recovers its total investment amount, 90% of the profits will go to the US.
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