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The “Greater Israel” Fantasy Endangers the Future of the “Abraham Accords”

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On July 16, Israel brazenly launched airstrikes on key targets near the Syrian presidential palace, including the Ministry of Defense and General Staff Headquarters, to warn the Syrian government over recent actions asserting security and governance authority in the southern province of Suwayda. Israeli Defense Minister Gallant and Prime Minister Netanyahu made consecutive statements on July 16 and 17, emphasizing two core principles of Israel’s Syria policy: ensuring “demilitarization” south of Damascus, from the Golan Heights to the Druze Mountains, and protecting the Druze community. Faced with Israel’s first punitive military strike against the new Syrian regime in six months, the Syrian government announced a ceasefire agreement in Suwayda and withdrew security forces, clearly adopting a strategy of forbearance to avoid Israel’s aggressive suppression.

Israel’s blatant airstrike on Syrian military institutions and interference in its internal affairs has triggered widespread condemnation and dissatisfaction from the international community. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and nine other Arab countries issued a joint statement strongly condemning Israel’s flagrant violation of international law, blatant infringement of Syrian sovereignty, and undermining of Syria’s security, stability, territorial integrity, and citizen safety. China, Russia, and the United States also unusually stood united in rejecting Israel’s actions.

Observers believe that Israel’s heavy-handed attack on the new Syrian regime indicates that under the dual pressure of personal legal troubles and a collapsing ruling coalition, Netanyahu is resorting to military adventurism and territorial expansion to deflect internal pressures. In the long run, Israel’s brazen interference in Syrian internal affairs, its obstruction of Syrian territorial unification, and its attempt to establish a so-called “David Corridor” reveal a longstanding ambition for a “Greater Israel,” posing a challenge to the Trump administration’s recent efforts to normalize U.S.-Syria relations, and inevitably casting a shadow over the Abraham Accords that both the U.S. and Israel seek to expand.

According to multiple reports, starting on July 13, the Druze-majority province of Suwayda erupted in ethnic conflict involving Druze and Arab Bedouins, spiraling out of control. On July 14, the Syrian government dispatched security forces to restore order and, in doing so, expanded central government authority. Following their deployment, Syrian forces appeared to take sides, engaging in looting and burning of Druze homes. During this time, Israel not only launched airstrikes on Syrian forces in Suwayda but also allowed Druze people under Israeli control in the Golan Heights and within Israel to carry weapons into Suwayda to support their kin.

Since the regime change in Damascus late last year, Syria has been constrained by the U.S., Israel, Turkey, and other forces, creating a transitional balance of power. However, some regions have experienced factional purges due to historical grievances. The Alawite faction, located in coastal provinces like Latakia and stripped of central power, has faced brutal retribution from the new regime, drawing widespread international concern.

The Suwayda factional conflict is not only a microcosm of Syria’s governance challenges but also a recurrence of the country’s long-standing ethnic and sectarian strife. In essence, it follows the same script as the Alawite purge. Syria is a majority Arab Sunni Muslim country, while the Shiite offshoot Alawite sect and the minority Druze have long been marginalized and suppressed. For the past half-century, the Alawite Assad family ruled Syria, providing strong protection for these minority sects.

The Druze, numbering around one million and scattered across Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, share a common fate. Especially those living within Israel and the Golan Heights enjoy a “super second-class citizen” status under Israel’s divide-and-rule policy. They maintain a unique bond with Israel’s Jewish majority, including military service, political participation, and access to civil rights. This “the enemy of my enemy is my friend” relationship makes the Druze a useful lever for Israel in reshaping regional dynamics and advancing the “Greater Israel” plan.

Since capturing the so-called “Middle East water tower” Golan Heights from Syria in 1967, Israel has occupied 1,200 square kilometers (about two-thirds of the Heights), incorporating many Druze unwilling to leave their homeland into its governance. For over 40 years before the fall of the Assad regime, Syria abided by a ceasefire agreement, maintaining a long cold peace with Israel, and the two sides held multiple negotiations over the Golan issue.

Over the past decade, as Iranian and Hezbollah influence grew, Syria became a proxy battlefield for Israeli airstrikes. Yet, Israel never actively sought to overthrow Syria, an important member of the “axis of resistance,” as they shared a common enemy — the “Islamic State” forces based on Salafist ideology. At the same time, Israel has increasingly expressed its intention to permanently annex the Golan Heights, a move recognized by the Trump administration in 2019.

By the end of 2024, the “Sham Liberation Organization” (formerly known as the “Al-Nusra Front”), which once belonged to “Al-Qaeda,” quickly seized Damascus, taking advantage of Israel’s efforts to weaken Iran and Hezbollah and the fact that Russia was unable to send troops to defend the Assad regime. Israel not only completely destroyed Syria’s sea, land, and air equipment, but also sent troops to occupy the buffer zone on the Golan Heights between both armies, expanding its so-called defense depth and incorporating Syria’s Druze population into its own protection zone.

The new Syrian regime abandoned the long-standing anti-American and anti-Jewish ideology and instead extended an olive branch to the United States and Israel, focusing its main efforts on reshaping relations with the Islamic world, integrating various armed factions, strengthening national unity, and economic reconstruction. Turkey and Saudi Arabia, replacing Russia and Iran and gaining key discourse power over the new Syria, took advantage of the Trump administration’s intention to withdraw from the Middle East and its “transactional diplomacy” to promote the normalization of US-Syria relations. This also seems to have created a new opportunity for the expansion of the Abraham Accords peace process by the United States and Israel, allowing Syria and Lebanon to follow in the footsteps of the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco in becoming new Arab partners of Israel.

On July 1 this year, Trump signed an executive order lifting the 46-year-old arms embargo and economic blockade on Syria and allowing US companies to participate in Syrian oil and gas development. This move by the United States aims to integrate Syria and Lebanon into the regional governance system, especially to bring them into the Abraham Accords and normalize relations with Israel. There are even reports that Syria and Israel held normalization talks in Azerbaijan, and Israel publicly emphasized that any form of Syria-Israel normalization will not come at the cost of giving up the Golan Heights. Israel’s Golan Heights policy, along with recent military pressure, internal interference, and territorial fragmentation in Syria, undoubtedly closed the door for Syria and Lebanon to join the Abraham Accords, or at least opened a chasm difficult to cross.

Although realpolitik prevails in the Middle East, no country is willing to normalize relations with Israel at the cost of giving up its inherent territory, nor does any government want to go down in history as one that sold out its nation. Egypt recovered the Sinai Peninsula in exchange for peace with Israel in 1978; the PLO reached the Oslo Accords with Israel in 1993 under the principle of transitional autonomy; and Jordan established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1994 after resolving territorial disputes. As for the four Arab countries that signed the Abraham Accords, none of them had direct territorial disputes with Israel; they merely abandoned the Arab League’s collective consensus and gave up on their close kin, the Palestinians.

Israel’s latest acts of aggression and expansion have increased its sphere of influence in Syria, blatantly obstructed the Syrian government’s efforts to unify its territory and sovereignty, and established a “state within a state” in Syria in the name of protecting the Druze people. It also exploited the historical discord between the Druze and the Arab majority to further dismember Syria geographically, ethnically, and nationally, aggravating the dangers of Syria’s territorial fragmentation, lack of unified sovereignty, and disintegration of governance.

According to Arab News and other Arab, Turkish, and Iranian media, the Israeli government is playing the “Druze card” and even the “Kurdish card” amid Middle East chaos, aiming to strip the Druze-populated Syrian provinces of Suwayda, Quneitra, and southern Daraa from Damascus’s control. The ultimate goal is to build a “David Corridor” from the Golan Heights through southern Syria to Kurdish areas in Iraq and the Mesopotamian region, thereby expanding Israeli control over the heart of the Arab world and realizing the “Greater Israel” borders described in the Old Testament — a vast territory once inhabited by the ancestors of the Israelites, spanning the Mesopotamian region and the Nile Delta.

On April 1, Israel’s right-wing flagship media The Jerusalem Post published a commentary by Veysi Dag, an international relations scholar at Hebrew University, titled “The Abraham Peace Corridor: A Strategic Path for Stability and Cooperation in the Middle East.” It promoted the so-called “Abraham Peace Corridor” under the framework of the Abraham Accords, claiming that trade and commerce will consolidate regional and global security and “could become a vital lifeline for peaceful coexistence and economic prosperity in a region long plagued by conflict and division.” This rhetoric that beautifies expansionist policies is reminiscent of Japan’s militarist claim to build a “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” while wreaking havoc on East Asia.

Objectively speaking, Israel previously openly supported the Iraqi Kurds’ “independence referendum,” and now claims to be the protector of Syrian Druze while secretly planning to carve up Syria with the “David Corridor.” This so-called new policy towards Syria, “selling dog meat under a sheep’s head” can only reinforce enmity between the two countries, weaken mutual trust, and erode public support in Syria, Lebanon, and other Arab states for reconciliation with Israel and expansion of the Abraham Accords.

Some analysts believe Israel’s new Syria policy of designating the area from south of Damascus to the Golan Heights and the Druze Mountains as a “demilitarized zone” and “protecting the Druze” may be a tactic to restrain the Syrian government and gain bargaining chips for negotiations over the Golan Heights. However, there is no indication that Israel, dominated by right-wing and far-right forces, will return the Golan Heights anytime soon. The Golan Heights is vital for Israel’s freshwater supply (40% of its source), a key grain and fruit-producing region sustaining its economy and agriculture for decades. More importantly, only 60 kilometers from Damascus, the Golan Heights is Israel’s strategic shield in the northeast, a national defense stronghold and strategic depth, and a choke point to contain Syria’s political center. For Syria and Lebanon, the Abraham Accords expected by Israel amount to an ultimatum: relinquish the Golan Heights and let Israel benefit unilaterally — a demand neither government nor people can accept.

Without returning the Golan Heights, the occupation-versus-resistance relationship between Israel and Syria/Lebanon cannot fundamentally change. Nationalism and theocratic ideology from both countries will continue to breed violent resistance and anti-Israel, anti-Semitic sentiment. Without sufficient and lasting security assurance, Israel will continue to pursue survival-of-the-fittest policies to maintain its illegal occupation, locking the region in a cycle of violence — a chicken-or-egg dilemma. When I visited the Golan Heights in 2011, a former Israeli Defense Forces officer who accompanied me said bluntly: “In a Middle East where only lions and sheep exist, Israel would rather be the lion.”

Of course, if Syria and Lebanon’s Hezbollah completely shake off Iran’s influence, withdraw from the “Axis of Resistance,” abandon the traditional philosophy of struggle, and voluntarily propose normalization of relations with Israel in exchange for the return of occupied territory, it may become an important opportunity for the expansion of the Abraham Accords. The question is whether the Syrian government and Lebanon’s Hezbollah can break out of the established ideological mold? The bigger question is whether the Israeli government—especially the right-wing and far-right forces—can let go of the decades-old fantasy of a “Greater Israel”? The prospects are clearly rather pessimistic, especially since Israel will not easily give up the land it has annexed, and the Israeli far-right forces will not readily abandon their habitual practice of “creating faits accomplis.”

At present, Syria’s territory is fragmented, and major powers and hostile forces both regional and external are supporting and manipulating proxy armed groups. National unification, political transition, and economic reconstruction remain in shambles. The weak new regime shows no sign of daring to declare a “land for peace” ice-breaking stance. Netanyahu’s coalition government is also on the verge of collapse due to infighting and unrest. The entire state of Israel remains in a state of war, and adopting an offensive diplomacy is undoubtedly the best way to divert internal contradictions. These factors make the dream of an expanded Abraham Accords hard to reflect the reality of the Middle East—particularly the complex and brutal disputes between Israel and Syria, and Israel and Lebanon.

Prof. Ma is the Dean of the Institute of Mediterranean Studies (ISMR) at Zhejiang International Studies University in Hangzhou. He specializes in international politics, particularly Islam and Middle Eastern affairs. He previously worked as a senior Xinhua correspondent in Kuwait, Palestine, and Iraq.

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Israeli elections: The driver may change, but the destination remains the same

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Haider Al-Aila, Abu Al-Amir

Anyone who views the Israeli elections as a battle between the right and the left is mistaken. The so-called Israeli left, in the conventional political sense, has long ceased to be a viable electoral force. What is actually unfolding is a struggle within the Zionist camp itself: a hardline religious and nationalist right led by Benjamin Netanyahu and his allies, versus a secular and centrist right seeking to reshape the political landscape by ousting him.

Netanyahu, having mastered the art of managing the Israeli right over the years, understands that his real vulnerability lies not merely in a Likud defeat, but in the disintegration of the broader right-wing bloc. In Israel’s electoral system—which requires parties to cross a 3.25% electoral threshold to enter the Knesset and mandates a 61-seat majority to form a government—smaller right-wing factions falling below that cutoff could deprive his bloc of the seats needed to govern. Consequently, Netanyahu has spent recent weeks fighting to unify fringe parties and prevent the fragmentation of the right-wing vote.

Herein lies the central paradox of the election: while Netanyahu’s camp is far more ideologically defined than its rivals, it is also markedly more fragile. Though it unites nationalist, religious, and ultra-Orthodox factions, these groups remain deeply divided over issues such as military conscription, the balance between religion and state, judicial governance, and even Netanyahu’s personal political future.

Conversely, the opposing camp—where leadership has increasingly shifted toward Gadi Eisenkot amid the waning influence of Naftali Bennett and Yair Lapid—is not a cohesive ideological movement. Rather, it is a broad coalition united primarily by a singular goal: removing Netanyahu from power.

Eisenkot is attempting to appeal to the political center, the secular right, and voters eager to replace Netanyahu without abandoning the mainstream Zionist consensus on security issues and political settlements. Indeed, Eisenkot himself does not support the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the foreseeable future.

This captures the core reality of today’s Israeli politics: voters heading to the polls are not choosing between two fundamentally opposed visions for the Palestinian issue, but between competing approaches to governing Israel in the wake of October 7.

Netanyahu’s message to the electorate is straightforward: security demands an uncompromising, unapologetic right wing. Eisenkot, however, offers a different critique: the problem lies not in Israel’s military capability, but in the leadership that mismanaged it and failed to prevent the October 7 attacks. For him, leadership must change to restore institutional trust and state integrity. Thus, accountability for the failures of October 7 has emerged as the defining battleground of the campaign against Netanyahu.

Yet Eisenkot’s bloc harbors its own internal contradictions. It is far from a unified political movement, operating instead as a loose, pragmatic alliance of figures who lack a shared long-term agenda. To maximize their numbers, several opposition parties have already begun coordinating surplus vote-sharing agreements to minimize wasted ballots.

This dynamic brings the “Arab dilemma” to the fore.

If neither Jewish-led bloc achieves a 61-seat majority, Arab Knesset members could hold the balance of power, either by joining a governing coalition or backing one from the outside. This is no trivial variable; higher turnout among Arab citizens could decisively alter seat distribution, particularly given that their participation in previous elections fell well below the national average.

The profound irony, however, is that while anti-Netanyahu forces urge Arab citizens to turn out and “save democracy,” large segments of the Zionist establishment still refuse to treat them as legitimate governing partners. Notably, Bennett—competing fiercely against Netanyahu—has explicitly demanded a coalition restricted exclusively to Zionist parties, despite having presided over a 2021 government that relied directly on an Arab party.

Consequently, should Eisenkot’s camp require Arab support to form a government, it may secure an electoral victory tainted by political hypocrisy: Netanyahu falls, yet Arab lawmakers (such as Mansour Abbas’s bloc) are once again reduced to numerical leverage rather than genuine partners in shaping state policy.

For Palestinians, it is vital not to succumb to the illusion that Netanyahu’s downfall equates to the demise of the Israeli right or the resurrection of an Israeli peace camp. The Palestinian question runs far deeper than the name of the Israeli prime minister.

Netanyahu may fall, Eisenkot may rise, Bennett may return, and a new cabinet may be formed with different faces. Yet the overarching current within Israeli society, particularly after October 7, remains thoroughly detached from any political solution that recognizes the Palestinian right to an independent state with Jerusalem as its capital.

The upcoming Israeli elections are not, at their core, a contest between right and left. They are a contest between one right-wing faction that seeks to continue down the current path under Netanyahu, and another that seeks to replace the driver while keeping the vehicle on the exact same road—differing only in speed and driving style.

This is precisely where the lesson lies for the Palestinians: they must not expect a miracle from the Israeli ballot box. Genuine transformation cannot be measured merely by who occupies the Prime Minister’s Office, but by whether Israeli society is willing to confront the deeper trajectory that led to October 7 and its aftermath.

The driver may change, and the style of driving may shift, but the defining question for Palestinians remains: Will the destination ever change?

This is what Palestinians must recognize clearly. Netanyahu is neither the entirety of the problem, nor is his departure the ultimate solution. Even his rivals, who march under the banner of change, operate within a political and social paradigm that has only grown more right-wing, entrenched, and hostile toward Palestinian rights.

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Gaza exposes the myth of the “most moral army in the world”

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Haider Al-Aila, Gaza

Calling the Israeli military the “most moral army in the world” is a claim thoroughly shattered by the facts on the ground and the atrocities committed against the Palestinian people. What morality can an army claim when it massacres civilians, collapses homes on top of families, loots private property, and desecrates the dead—all while its leadership projects an air of moral supremacy to the world?

Morality is not measured by slogans or military technology; it is defined by how force is applied and the degree of respect shown for human life and dignity. From this perspective, Israel’s devastating war on Gaza reveals systematic, criminal practices that cannot be justified under any pretext of security or self-defense.

When killing becomes a display of power

Among the most harrowing dimensions of this war is the relentless bombardment that turns inhabited homes into mass graves, with utter disregard for women, children, and the elderly. In the densely populated Gaza Strip, widespread strikes have decimated entire neighborhoods, burying thousands of families beneath the rubble.

Equally horrifying are the reports of mass graves uncovered near Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City and Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis. These sites revealed the bodies of women and the elderly, some bearing signs of execution, binding, and stripped of clothing. Eyewitnesses documented similar mass graves near the Indonesian Hospital in northern Gaza. The United Nations has rightfully demanded independent, transparent investigations to establish accountability for these apparent war crimes.

The sanctity of the dead is a fundamental human right. Any violation of this principle demands rigorous investigation and prosecution—free from diplomatic cover or denial.

A single target as a pretext to level entire blocks

I do not speak here merely from reports; I speak as a firsthand witness in Gaza. I have watched entire residential blocks—housing vulnerable families—flattened under the pretext of targeting a single individual. Time and again, the Israeli military has tracked a target via reconnaissance drones, waited until he entered a crowded residential building, and then brought the entire structure down. In doing so, they have wiped out dozens of civilians who had absolutely no connection to the individual being pursued.

This reality raises a damning question: If an army possesses the surveillance technology to track a target with surgical precision, why wait to destroy the building while innocent civilians are inside? What crime did these families commit to pay with their lives?

Deliberately subjecting civilians to catastrophic harm without taking the legally required precautions cannot be excused by the presence of a target. It is a direct violation of International Humanitarian Law and constitutes unlawful collective punishment. These are not abstract statistics or fleeting screen images to me; they are the lived realities of families wiped out in an instant.

Looting at gunpoint

The degradation extends beyond killing and physical destruction. Human rights organizations and a 2024 UN Commission of Inquiry have documented widespread instances of Israeli soldiers looting Palestinian homes—stealing cash, gold, jewelry, and electronics.

Compounding the crime, soldiers have frequently posted videos on social media mocking the victims, showing off stolen goods, and celebrating the destruction of civilian property. Pillaging the belongings of displaced or deceased civilians is not military heroism; it is a war crime and an assault on human dignity.

The racism that precedes the bullet

These actions cannot be separated from a dehumanizing, racist discourse that treats Palestinians as subhuman and undeserving of life. When national supremacy is normalized and Palestinian lives are deemed worthless, military atrocities become the inevitable outcome. In the eyes of an indoctrinated soldier, a dehumanized population becomes an open target for slaughter, torture, and humiliation.

This is not a condemnation of Jewish people, who are not a monolith; rather, it is an indictment of the racist Zionist ideology, the brutal policies of the occupation, and all who enable or justify these crimes.

When killing becomes a hunting game

Among the most chilling accounts are videos and testimonies of snipers targeting young Palestinians as if hunting prey. Soldiers have been filmed stalking victims from fortified positions, then cheering and celebrating as their bullets hit their mark.

Killing here ceases to be an act of war; it becomes sport. What moral decay allows human death to become a source of entertainment? It strips the victim of their humanity, reducing someone with dreams, a future, and a family to mere target practice.

Technology without morality

The Israeli military boasts advanced surveillance, artificial intelligence, and precision weaponry. Yet technological superiority does not confer moral superiority, nor does it grant an army a blank check to use disproportionate force.

International Humanitarian Law mandates distinction, proportionality, and precaution. Technology merely amplifies the capacity for violence; it does not legitimize mass slaughter, nor does it grant immunity from accountability.

Internal dissent: “I can no longer bear the silence”

Cracks in the narrative have also emerged from within. A widely circulated account attributed to Israeli reserve Major Avdar Shailovsky, titled “I Can No Longer Bear the Silence” (published by the Jerusalem News Agency), recounts his refusal to remain silent about the horrors he witnessed in Gaza.

The account details the deliberate targeting of civilian gatherings, aid distribution points, and the sniping of women and children, alongside systemic mockery of Palestinian suffering. Shailovsky expressed profound remorse for his complicity and called for a rejection of the racist indoctrination driving the military. While such voices of conscience exist within Israeli society, they remain a marginalized minority against a prevailing culture of right-wing extremism that condones the occupation and the erasure of Palestinian rights.

What morality remains?

The rhetoric driving this war was made clear early on when former Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant referred to Palestinians as “human animals.” Such language laid the ideological groundwork for the atrocities that followed.

Public relations campaigns cannot erase the reality on the ground in Gaza. Neither military power nor foreign diplomatic protection can hide the mass graves or silence the voices of the victims.

In Gaza, I have seen multistory towers turned into tombs and human beings reduced to collateral damage by an army that views their existence as worthless. How can there be any talk of moral superiority when the dead lie trapped under concrete, emergency responders are barred from reaching them, and a nation’s suffering is trivialized?

Gaza has not only shattered the myth of the “most moral army in the world”—it has placed the conscience of the entire international community on trial.

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Imperialism, economic power, and foreign policy

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In its shortest, leanest, and simplest definition, foreign policy is the management of all manner of relations entered into with other countries. Foreign policy is a costly undertaking. It demands extensive knowledge, skill, experience, and leadership. For the price of failure is heavy, in every respect. A country’s reputation, influence, and deterrence, as well as its human resources, finances, and borders, are all directly affected by the success or failure of its foreign policy.

The program researching the costs of war at Brown University in the US (see https://costsofwar.watson.brown.edu/paper/overview) determined in its research that post-9/11 US attacks and invasions imposed an economic burden of $8 trillion and caused the direct or indirect deaths of more than 4.5 million people. The report also noted that, alongside the financial burden of these attacks and invasions, they displaced millions of people and exacerbated global environmental pollution.

Today, to understand the decline in US imperialism’s capacity for hegemony and its ecological dominance, one must first understand the burden borne by the US economy. For the US is no longer a country that accounts for more than half of global output, as it did in the aftermath of World War II. Its share of total production stands at around 20%. The social, class, and cultural fault lines within the country, as well as the divide between rich and poor, run exceptionally deep. The combined debt of the public sector, private corporations, and households has approached $200 trillion. The total debt of the federal government has exceeded $40 trillion (see: https://www.usdebtclock.org/world-debt-clock.html).

What does the US prioritize when lending?

The 3 largest creditors to the US, according to June 2026 data, are Japan ($1.117 trillion), the United Kingdom ($940 billion), and China ($633 billion). Israel is the country receiving the greatest amount of US economic and military aid in the Middle East, followed by Egypt. Ukraine, too, has received substantial economic and military aid, funds, and loans from the US. One must also not forget that the US lends money to its allies, including Ukraine, so that they will purchase US goods, weapons, and aircraft. The US dictates how they may use this debt. What is more, it has been doing this for years. During World War II, it lent substantial sums to its allies. Britain, for instance, was only able to pay off this debt in 2006; and Britain, alongside Israel, is one of the two strategic allies of the US. Rather than lending directly to countries undergoing economic crises, the US extends credit through the IMF and the World Bank. When lending, the US takes into account not only its economic priorities but also its strategic and geopolitical ones.

As an imperialist power, the US concerns itself with the entire world. It strives to remain effective and influential on a global scale. Yet just as the power of the US itself has waned, its allies no longer possess their former strength either, especially the Europeans. The European Union, an imperialist project, is not a global actor. There is no such cohesion, no such harmony within the European Union. Nor does it have such an objective. Furthermore, the European Union possesses neither the power, nor the will, nor the courage for this. Germany, the leader of the European Union, seeks merely to exert influence in its immediate neighbourhood: the Balkans, the Baltics, the Black Sea, and the Caucasus; that is all. And the extent to which it succeeds even in this remains open to debate. Moreover, there is not a single country in the world that desires or expects the European Union to step forward, take initiative, and project power globally in distant lands.

The methods used by imperialism

When reflecting on the relationship between imperialism and foreign policy, one should remember that the tools and methods employed by imperialism have evolved. In the 19th century, for example, imperialism resorted to cruder, more brutal, and more barbaric methods. Later, while continuing to turn to military methods and brute force, it systematically deployed economic and financial instruments, cultural hegemony, and sophisticated instruments and methods of governance, utilizing them with far greater frequency.

One of the lessons history teaches is this: every empire, every great power that grows too vast, expands too far, and stretches itself too thin also hastens its own demise. This condition is natural. It is inevitable. This holds true for the Roman Empire, just as it does for the Ottoman Empire, which ruled over immense territories stretching from the Caucasus to the gates of Vienna, and from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa. For governance and rule become increasingly difficult. For the financial burden mounts. For the bureaucracy grows cumbersome. For centrifugal tendencies come to the fore, competition among local powers far from the centre sharpens, and tensions between provincial power bases escalate. For difficulties arise in implementing necessary administrative and military reforms and in taking the required steps.

In summary, when the predicament of the US is evaluated in the light of this iron law of history, the decline in US power becomes all the clearer.

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