Asia
Three years history of anti-Taliban movements and their common failures
Three years have passed since the fall of the “Afghanistan Republic” following the victory of the Taliban after over 20 years of deadly fighting against the US forces and the then Afghan security forces. The Taliban entered Kabul, the capital city, on 15 of August 2021, following the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan in a hasty way. At the outset, the Taliban announced amnesty to everyone including the Afghan politicians, former soldiers and those who worked for the US and other foreign troops in Afghanistan in the last 20 years. The Taliban called on the exile-Afghan politicians to return back to their country under full protection of the Taliban. However, it seems, no politician was willing to go back rather they called for resistance against the Taliban.
Meanwhile, some politicians formed new political parties with different names to fight against the Taliban, while some of them remained silent and opposed armed resistance against the Taliban.
Military fronts have also formed against the Taliban and it seems that they have failed to create a serious challenge to the government of Taliban. Now, on the three-year anniversary of the fall of the Republic, a look at the three-year track record of anti-Taliban movements and fronts is being taken.
Supreme Council of National Resistance of Afghanistan
Afghanistan’s national resistance movement is one of the first anti-Taliban political movements in which political figures and jihadi leaders have gathered.
This council announced its existence very soon after the fall of the Afghan government. Key political figures including Atta Mohammad Noor, Mohammad Mohaqeq, Marshal Dostum, Ahmad Massoud, Ahmadwali Massoud, Ahmadzia Massoud, Abdul Rab Rasool Sayyaf, Salahuddin Rabbani, Mohammad Younis Qannoni, Mohammad Sarour Danesh, Abdul Latif Pedram, Mir Rahman Rahmani, Mohammad Alam Izdiyar, Hazrat Ali and a number of other political figures are members of the council.
This council, which is known by its full name “Supreme Council of Resistance for the Rescue of Afghanistan”, has continuously followed the major political issues of the country since its establishment and has reacted to those issues by issuing declarations in many cases.
The main desire of this council is the presence of all ethnic groups living in the country in political organizations and their participation in power. In order to achieve this goal, this council has proposed the establishment of a political system based on elections and has asked the Taliban to come to the intra-Afghan dialogue and negotiate about the future political system. This was rejected by the Taliban at the very beginning of the formation of this council.
This council and its prominent members have always said that their priority is to negotiate to solve the political problem of Afghanistan, but if the Taliban do not engage in negotiations and do not make a positive change in their behavior and policy, they will inevitably resort to the military option.
However, the Taliban said that there is no need to talk about the situation of Afghanistan abroad, and called on them to return to Afghanistan and they will carry talks on the structure of the government inside the country.
National Peace and Justice Movement
The National Peace and Justice Movement political party announced formation by holding an online meeting a year ago. Among the prominent members of this organization are Mohammad Haneef Atmar, Mohammad Masoom Stanekzai, Nisar Ahmed Ghoryani, General Khodadad, Mobarez Rashidi, General Murad Ali Murad, Salamat Azimi, Alam Sai, Seyyed Nurullah Sadat and several other officials of the previous government.
The goal of this political movement is to achieve a system based on people’s votes, and the way to achieve it is the Taliban’s adherence to their commitments in the Doha Agreement between the Taliban and the United States.
This political organization, which has completely excluded war from the options, has not said that if the Taliban do not stick to their commitment, what means and solutions do they have to reach the government based on people’s votes. Although Jalil Shams was mentioned as its temporary head at the time of the announcement of the existence of this political movement, but the speculations are that Mr. Atmar and Mr. Stankzai are in fact in charge of its management and leadership.
However, after this movement announced its existence, it is no longer present in the political and media environment, even to the extent of reacting to cases in news announcements, although it is not completely absent. For example, after a long time, after the United Nations published a report on the functioning of the Ministry of Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, this political movement reacted to it and called the Taliban’s behavior “playing with the religion of Islam” in a statement. This was the only reaction of the national peace and justice movement in 2024. However, this political organization announced that they have formed a coalition with four other political currents under the name “Afghanistan National Movements Coalition” whose desire is to form a government based on people’s votes.
Justice and Freedom Party of Afghanistan led by Sarwar Danesh
Mohammad Sarwar Danesh, the second vice president of Ashraf Ghani from 2014 to 2021, after he left the country on the day of the fall of the Afghan government, he created a political current outside the country called the “Justice and Freedom Party”. As far as the information is available, the members of the leadership of this party are mostly those who were close to Mr. Danesh in the government under the leadership of Ashraf Ghani, including his advisers in the second vice-president.
When Danesh was the vice president of Ghani, changing the political structure from a centralized presidency to federalism with the aim of horizontal distribution of power had become a relatively serious demand at the country level.
At that time, some political parties and the people of Afghanistan continuously emphasized on changing the structure to a federal one, but Mr. Danesh considered it to the detriment of Afghanistan and said that the ground for establishing such an order in the country is not favorable. But now he leads a party whose main goal is to achieve federalism in Afghanistan.
National Resistance Front of Afghanistan led by Ahmad Masoud
On August 15, 2021, when Kabul fell to the Taliban, most of the politicians were deported or evacuated to the foreign countries, but a number of politicians and officials of the previous government went to Panjshir province to start resistance against the Taliban, where it had not yet fallen into the hands of the Taliban. Amrullah Saleh, the first vice president of Ghani, Basmullah Mohammadi, the defense minister of the previous government, and Fazal Ahmed Manavi, the justice minister of the previous government, were prominent government officials who went to Panjshir with a number of former military forces and launched the “Afghan National Resistance Front” under the leadership of Ahmad Masoud
Mr. Saleh claimed the presidency and said that according to the constitution, if the president dies, flees or resigns, his first vice president becomes the interim president. The main goal of this front is to establish a moderate and decentralized Islamic democratic system with respect for human rights and women’s rights. The National Resistance Front first entered into negotiations with the Taliban, but very quickly the issue turned into a frontal war.
On September 6, the Taliban launched an all-out attack and took control of Panjshir, and the last province of Afghanistan also fell into the hands of the Taliban. At the same time, the leaders of the National Resistance Front went abroad, but some of its commanders remained in the field with their military forces and continued to fight against the Taliban. The focus of the war was on parts of Panjshir, Andrabs of Baghlan province and part of Takhar province.
In this war, several prominent commanders of the National Resistance Front, including Commander Malek Dara, Commander Tahir, Commander Khair Mohammad Khairkhah, and some others, were killed along with some of their foot soldiers.
Common failure of anti-Taliban movements
From the very beginning, it was clear that the anti-Taliban movements simply cannot stand together and unite. The creation of so many parties and political or military currents is the most obvious reason for this fragmentation. The current chaotic situation of the Afghan society can also be seen in the face of the anti-Taliban currents.
They can’t trust each other, they don’t accept other leadership and they haven’t been able to get popular support. They are not even in the same page regards to engagement with the Taliban. Some of them in support of a large-scale military operation, while other says war is not the solution, and at the same time the Taliban are saying they are willing to talk with the former politicians but they want this to happen inside the country. The Taliban says that this is an internal issue and must be resolved in the country.
Meanwhile, there is a common perception that these former politicians cannot unite or trust each other and also all of them want to lead the leadership. This common weakness has made the anti-Taliban currents unable to challenge this group in the last three years.
Worth mentioning that some of those who lead the anti-Taliban parties own real estate in Afghanistan under the control of the Taliban, which probably affected their performance.
On the other hand, these people, most of whom held high positions in the previous government of Afghanistan, just as they took the bitter experience of failure with them outside the country, they also took with them the bad memories of accusing each other, negative rivalries and disruptions. Some of them, who have been seen around the country’s politics for years, are accused in public opinion and do not have very defensible cases. Instead of focusing more on people’s power and trying to win people’s trust, these currents and fronts have tried to win foreign support, but they have failed.
Anti-Taliban moments and fronts have failed to gain the trust and support of foreign powers because they have not united and, according to foreigners, have not been able to form an alternative to the Taliban.
Asia
Pentagon plans covert spy ring for economic war on China, report says
The US Department of War (Pentagon) is reportedly planning to establish an extensive network of deep-cover agents to wage economic warfare against China and other adversaries of the US.
According to a report by The Washington Post citing six sources familiar with the initiative, the plan has not yet been put into effect. The newspaper reported that the initiative remains at the planning stage. The Pentagon, however, denies that any such initiative exists.
The report said the operatives would pose as entrepreneurs or private sector employees while concealing their ties to the US government. The network’s mission would be to gather economic intelligence and counter China.
The programme is led by Tom Rakusa, who spent 39 years at the CIA. Rakusa serves as a senior adviser to Deputy Secretary of Defence Steve Feinberg.
The proposed spy network is seen as part of a broader policy by the Donald Trump administration to sharpen economic competition with other countries.
The US is already resorting to tariffs, export controls, and investment in strategic sectors, alongside expanding its economic intelligence gathering.
According to The Washington Post, the new initiative demonstrates the Pentagon’s growing influence under the Trump administration. The department is currently seeking a record budget of $1.5 trillion.
Trade war flares up again with Trump’s return to the White House
The trade friction between the US and China flared up again following Donald Trump’s return to the White House. In April 2025, Washington raised tariffs on Chinese goods to as much as 145%, and Beijing retaliated with tariffs of up to 125%.
In May, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio described China as the primary geopolitical challenge facing Washington. Rubio said that to avoid war, the two sides needed to manage their conflict of interests.
In July, Chinese expert Zheng Yongnian did not simply warn that underestimating the US could prove to be a “fatal mistake”; he stated it explicitly.
According to Zheng’s assessment, the US maintains its primacy through the role of the dollar, its military superiority, and its technological advantages.
Even so, the two sides agreed in June to declare a truce and lower tariffs. In autumn 2026, the US and China extended their trade truce until 10 January 2027.
US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said the extension would give the parties more time to discuss economic issues.
Trade deals do not eliminate the strategic contradictions between the two countries. Financial Times columnist Rana Foroohar likened the race between the two nations for commercial, technological, and geopolitical influence to the 19th-century “Great Game” between the Russian and British empires.
Foroohar cited China’s standing in shipbuilding and commercial maritime transport, as well as its expanding footprint in overseas ports, among its key advantages.
Asia
Japan plans curbs on short-term home sales to cool urban prices
Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) plans to restrict short-term property trading to rein in surging home prices in major urban centres, particularly Tokyo.
Led by Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi, the party aims to make support for working households a core priority ahead of local elections scheduled for April next year.
The LDP’s research commission on housing and land policy met on Wednesday to discuss the issue.
According to a report by the Nikkei Asia newspaper, Commission Chair and LDP lawmaker Midori Matsushima said at the opening of the meeting: “Prices of newly built condominiums across Tokyo’s 23 wards have doubled over the past decade. We must work on measures ensuring that people who wish to live in these homes can actually afford to buy them.”
Homeownership in the capital has become virtually unattainable for broad segments of the population. According to data from the Real Estate Economic Institute, the average sale price of a newly built condominium in Tokyo’s 23 wards rose %18.5 in fiscal 2025 compared with the previous year, reaching 137.84 million yen (around $872,000).
Meanwhile, statistics from the Ministry of Labour show that the average annual income of a full-time worker in the capital remained at 6.78 million yen in fiscal 2025. This widening gap between incomes and residential property prices is directly shaping political priorities.
During its campaign for the House of Representatives election in February, the LDP pledged to curb speculative transactions across metropolitan Tokyo and other regions. Earlier this month, a party project team focused on policies concerning foreign nationals also submitted a recommendation urging the government to introduce immediate tax measures against rising home prices.
Under current legislation, profits realized from properties sold within five years of acquisition are classified as “short-term capital gains”. These returns face a tax rate approaching %40, including income tax and local inhabitant tax.
Although this rate is twice the approximately %20 levied as “long-term capital gains” tax on properties held for more than five years, several party members argue it remains insufficient to deter speculation. Calls to tighten the framework may be considered as part of the annual tax reform package to be drafted in December alongside the LDP’s coalition partner, the Japan Innovation Party.
The ruling bloc wants to present concrete housing pledges to voters heading to the polls in April across numerous urban centres, including 22 of Tokyo’s wards where local assembly terms expire.
“We need to support families with children, who are typically at the stage of purchasing a home,” a senior LDP official said.
Opposition parties are also preparing alternative proposals that target not only prospective homebuyers, but also residents forced into the rental market by high property prices and now affected by escalating rents.
Tax steps take precedence over limits on foreign buyers
Several countries seeking answers to housing affordability pressures have imposed direct restrictions on foreign purchasers. In South Korea, real estate policies played a major part in the declining public approval ratings of President Lee Jae Myung.
In August 2025, authorities in Seoul introduced an approval requirement for foreign nationals buying homes in the capital and adjacent areas, while also mandating that buyers reside in the properties for at least two years.
Canada and Australia have enacted temporary bans on foreign residential purchases, while Singapore levies a %60 additional stamp duty on foreign buyers.
The role of overseas investors in Japan’s property market also drew debate during the February election. However, restrictions aimed directly at foreign nationals are viewed as potentially conflicting with international trade and services agreements.
Consequently, rather than imposing restrictions based on the nationality of buyers, the government is discussing tax measures aimed at speculative real estate deals, such as rapid resales.
Fears that sharp market measures could shake regional banks
Concerns have also surfaced that aggressive steps to force down prices could harm the wider national economy.
A senior LDP tax official cautioned that a steep drop in land prices could weaken local financial institutions, warning: “We must consider the impact on regional banks.”
The real estate sector accounts for roughly %18 of total lending by Japanese banks. This proportion sits well above the %10 level recorded during Japan’s bubble economy of the mid-to-late 1980s.
At certain regional banks, property lending accounts for nearly half of total loan portfolios.
According to March 2025 data from the Financial Services Agency, approximately one-quarter of all loans extended by regional banks to the real estate sector are concentrated directly in Tokyo’s five central wards.
Buoyant asset valuations, supported in part by rising stock indices, have underpinned strong public approval for the Takaichi administration. Observers note that property interventions designed to cool the market could drag down equity prices and weaken the government’s standing.
A senior official on the LDP research commission stressed that decision-makers must act with caution regarding the scope and timing of any measures intended to bring price increases under control.
Asia
South Korea plans $120B spend on eight US nuclear power plants
South Korea will spend $120 billion to construct eight nuclear power plants in the US under an agreement that provides for $350 billion in investments in exchange for lower tariffs.
The South Korean government also announced that Seoul and Washington will begin examining a liquefied natural gas (LNG) project in Alaska comprising a large-scale pipeline to transport natural gas from the north of the state to the south, alongside the construction of an LNG terminal for exports overseas.
Seoul stated that a decision regarding the LNG project will be made following a commercial feasibility study. However, US President Donald Trump said that South Korea would invest $54 billion in the project, pointing to an apparent lack of full coordination between the two sides on the matter.
Trade and Industry Minister Kim Jung-kwan said in a statement: “This announcement opens a new horizon of cooperation where the two countries join forces to develop joint commercial ventures in strategic areas directly linked to economic security and future sectors such as artificial intelligence, nuclear energy, and LNG.”
“We will adhere to the principle of prioritising national interests and investing solely in commercially viable projects,” Kim said.
Speaking at the White House, Trump characterised South Korea’s plans as “one of the largest energy infrastructure investments in American history”.
The announcement followed a meeting between Trump and South Korean President Lee Jae Myung roughly one year ago at the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting held in South Korea, where they agreed on the creation of a $350 billion investment fund.
Under that agreement, $150 billion was allocated to the shipbuilding sector and $200 billion to other sectors. In return, the US announced it would reduce tariffs imposed on goods imported from South Korea from 25% to 15%.
Under the nuclear power project, South Korea’s state-controlled utility will build two plants in the US, while Pennsylvania-based Westinghouse Electric will construct six plants.
According to the South Korean government, this will mark the first instance in which a foreign country builds its own nuclear power plants in the US.
South Korean firms are also evaluating the possibility of acquiring a stake in Westinghouse as part of negotiations over sharing profits generated by the project.
South Korea additionally announced that it will build a $22.3 billion natural gas-fired power plant in Texas with a capacity of 6,472 megawatts.
The facility will be designed to supply electricity directly to nearby data centres. The project’s first phase is targeted to begin commercial operations in 2029, with full-capacity operations slated for 2032.
Seoul also disclosed that it had agreed to allow the US to receive 50% of the profits generated by the projects until South Korea recoups all of its investments.
After South Korea fully recovers its total investment amount, 90% of the profits will go to the US.
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