Europe
Europe takes action against Israel amid escalating Gaza crisis
European countries have decided to take action against Israel, which has resolved to continue its occupation and blockade of Gaza.
In Gaza, renewed bombardments on March 18 resulted in at least 3,300 deaths. Since October 7, 2023, the total number of fatalities in the Gaza Strip is estimated to be approximately 53,500, with over 28,000 women and girls among them, according to UN data.
The Israeli government has announced it will further intensify its attacks. The obstruction of public access to aid supplies also effectively continues. Although Israel officially stated it would permit aid convoys, on Monday, it limited the number of convoys to five.
According to UN data, 500 convoys reached the Gaza Strip daily before the war began.
On Tuesday, UN emergency relief coordinator Tom Fletcher warned that up to 14,000 babies and young children could die within 48 hours if aid shipments were not increased. Following this warning, Israel announced on Tuesday that it could increase the number of permitted shipments to 100.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that Washington had warned that “support for Israel would not be possible” if “images of mass starvation” were leaked to the public. Netanyahu remarked, “Therefore, we must somehow solve the problem.”
Steps toward recognizing the State of Palestine may accelerate
Over the past year, several EU member states have begun to see initial results in response to Israel’s occupation of the Gaza Strip and the war crimes committed there. Thus, on May 28, 2024, Ireland, Spain, and non-EU member Norway officially recognized Palestine as a state; on June 4, 2024, Slovenia followed suit.
Previously, eight EU countries had taken this step: Poland, Czechia, and Slovakia (then united as Czechoslovakia) in 1988, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, and Cyprus. Sweden joined them in 2014. Malta recognized the right of Palestinians to a state in 1988 but did not recognize the state itself.
In Greece, the parliament requested the government to recognize Palestine as a state at the end of 2015, but the government did not fulfill this request.
In April, French President Emmanuel Macron announced that he would declare a decision on recognition at a conference in New York in early June but stipulated that several Arab states must recognize Israel in return.
In total, 147 UN member states and the Vatican recognize the State of Palestine. Germany is not among these countries and has not reversed its stance on the matter.
Europe’s previous anti-Israel decisions
European countries had previously decided to review military and political cooperation with Israel, but in practice, these decisions were largely ineffective.
For example, a court in the Netherlands prohibited the delivery of US F-35 fighter jet parts to Israel in February 2024. Outside the EU, the United Kingdom imposed some restrictions on arms shipments to Israel in September 2024, although export licenses increased in the subsequent three months.
Dutch Foreign Minister Caspar Veldkamp stated on May 7 that his government had called on the EU to “review the Association Agreement with Israel” because the Israeli government was no longer fulfilling its obligation to “protect fundamental human rights in external relations” as stipulated in Article 2 of the agreement.
On Monday, France and the United Kingdom, along with Canada, issued a joint statement to increase pressure, openly criticizing Israel’s war policy and announcing “additional measures, including targeted sanctions.”
London also suspended ongoing free trade negotiations with Israel yesterday (May 20).
London leads international condemnation of Israel
UK Foreign Secretary David Lammy stated on Tuesday that the UK decided to freeze new trade agreement talks with Israel in response to the “appalling” situation caused by the attacks in Gaza.
International criticism escalated on Tuesday, with London summoning the Israeli ambassador over the escalating tensions in Gaza, and Prime Minister Keir Starmer demanding Israel “massively increase” aid to the region.
Starmer stated in the British parliament, “The renewed bombardment of innocent children is absolutely unacceptable. Israel’s announcement that it will allow ‘basic’ quantities of food into Gaza—I say basic quantities—is completely and utterly insufficient.”
Lammy also accused the Netanyahu government of “planning to drive Gazans from their homes into a southern corner and provide them with only a fraction of the aid they need.”
The Minister also sharply criticized Bezalel Smotrich, Israel’s ultranationalist finance minister, who said that Israel was “cleansing” Gaza and “destroying everything that remains” in the region.
Lammy stated, “We must name this: This extremism is dangerous, abhorrent, monstrous, and I condemn it in the strongest possible terms.”
Britain also imposed sanctions on three Israeli settlers, two illegal settler outposts, and two organizations supporting violence against Palestinian communities in the region.
Some in Europe also support Israel and Netanyahu
On the other hand, not all European countries are willing to take action against Israel’s occupation of Gaza.
Berlin, for example, is refraining from all measures against Israel. Federal Chancellor Friedrich Merz reiterated last week that Prime Minister Netanyahu, for whom an arrest warrant has been issued by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague, “should in principle be able to travel to Germany.”
Merz stated that “information would be provided in a timely manner” to the public on “how this would be possible, if planned.”
Hungary, led by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, was the only country to accept Netanyahu despite the arrest warrant. During the visit, Orbán announced that his country would withdraw from the ICC.
The Hungarian parliament officially approved this step yesterday, Tuesday.
Europe divided on relations with Israel
At the EU foreign ministers’ meeting held yesterday, German Foreign Minister Johann Wadephul opposed reviewing the association agreement signed by the EU with Israel, at the request of the Netherlands, but could not get his view accepted.
Nine member states—Belgium, Finland, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden—publicly announced their support for the Dutch proposal before Tuesday’s foreign ministers’ meeting.
According to diplomatic sources who spoke to Euronews, Denmark, Estonia, Malta, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia also supported the review conducted on Tuesday. Austria, a loyal supporter of Israel, did not raise any objections.
According to sources, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, and Lithuania opposed it, while Latvia remained “neutral.”
A proposal to increase pressure on Israel by imposing new sanctions on Israeli settlers responsible for violence in the West Bank was supported by 26 out of 27 member states but vetoed by Hungary.
According to EU diplomacy chief Kaja Kallas, the EU Commission will now begin examining whether Israel is complying with its human rights obligations, particularly under the agreement. Otherwise, the agreement will be suspended, which would at least make trade between the two parties more expensive.
However, the review could take a very long time. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether EU member states will approve the suspension of the agreement.
Swedish Foreign Minister Maria Malmer Stenergard went further, stating that she would “push for EU sanctions to be imposed against individual Israeli ministers.”
On the other hand, an EU diplomat who spoke to the Financial Times stated that regardless of the outcome of the bloc’s review of the trade agreement with Israel, “The fact that the vast majority of member states have demanded this sends a strong message to the Israeli government.”
Israel’s reaction to Britain and the EU
Israel responded to Kaja Kallas’s statement late on Tuesday.
Oren Marmorstein, spokesperson for the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, issued a statement on the social media platform X, announcing that they rejected the justification for the EU’s decision to review its relations with Israel.
Marmorstein argued that Israel was in a defensive position in a war “imposed by Hamas.”
The spokesperson also reminded the EU that the Israeli government had accepted numerous US ceasefire and hostage exchange proposals that Hamas had rejected.
Marmorstein stated, “Ignoring these facts and criticizing Israel stiffens Hamas’s stance and encourages Hamas to take up arms. Hamas’s recent praise for such criticisms is a clear indication of this and prolongs the war.”
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson criticized the EU for ignoring the recent steps taken by the US and Israel to ensure aid flow in the region, while praising other countries that “accepted this fact” and continued to support Israel.
Marmorstein also stated that Israel is open to discussions with EU representatives and member states to resolve the issue, concluding his statement by calling on Brussels to pressure “Hamas, which is the source of the real problem.”
Marmorstein also sharply criticized Britain, stating, “If the British government risks harming the British economy due to its anti-Israel obsessions and internal political calculations, that is its right. External pressure will not deter Israel from defending its existence and security against its enemies who seek to destroy it. The British Mandate ended exactly 77 years ago. External pressure will not deter Israel from its struggle to defend its existence and security against its enemies who seek to destroy it.”
Europe
Fico accuses Merz of blackmail over threat to veto EU budget
Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico has hit back after German Chancellor Friedrich Merz threatened to veto the EU budget unless funding for Ukraine is secured.
Merz said he would block the EU’s seven-year budget if no agreement is reached on financial assistance for Ukraine.
The chancellor’s intervention has angered Central European leaders who are net beneficiaries of EU funds but do not want to take part in the next round of funding to support Ukraine’s war effort.
“What the chancellor is doing is typical blackmail, and I will not bow to it,” Fico told reporters in Bratislava.
Fico spoke alongside his Czech counterpart, Andrej Babiš, whose government has refused to participate in a future loan to Ukraine.
“I do not know why he said this,” Babiš said, referring to Merz’s stance.
Merz wants EU leaders to discuss Ukraine’s financing needs at a summit in Dublin on Friday.
In a letter to European Council President António Costa, who will chair the meeting, obtained by The Guardian, Merz wrote:
“We must maintain our support for Ukraine in its struggle to defend itself. This is our shared vital interest. Yet bilateral aid provided to Ukraine is distributed unevenly, with the burden shouldered mostly by only a few member states.”
The EU agreed last year to provide a €90 billion loan to Ukraine, intended to cover two-thirds of its military and civilian spending for 2026 and 2027.
Since then, however, Russia’s relentless bombardment has placed a heavier financial burden on Kyiv, prompting President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to ask for €70 billion to plug the budget deficit.
The EU has endorsed Zelenskyy’s figures and pledged to find €45 billion. Ukraine’s other allies, such as Britain and Canada, are expected to cover the rest.
Last year, Merz launched an initiative to tap €210 billion in frozen Russian state assets held in the EU, but the plan fell through due to opposition led by Belgium, which holds most of the funds in Brussels.
The €90 billion loan was the backup plan. Having opted out of that loan, Hungary, Slovakia, and Czechia indicated that they would not take part in the next round either.
Bulgaria joined these three member states following the election of Prime Minister Rumen Radev last April.
The question of funding for Ukraine is now spilling over into the fraught negotiations on the 2028-34 EU budget.
Germany, the largest net contributor, wants substantial cuts to the proposed budget and opposes the EU providing generous funding to member states that refuse to contribute to Ukraine’s financial needs.
Merz states in his letter that a “collective commitment without exceptions” is a “fundamental prerequisite” for closing Ukraine’s financing gap and for “discussing other matters, particularly those with financial implications.”
He also notes that, in the context of the EU’s next seven-year budget, known as the Multiannual Financial Framework, all member states must contribute to a “robust” financial perspective for Ukraine from 2028 onwards.
A German government official said:
“For the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) to be successfully concluded, it is vital that all EU member states provide financial support to Ukraine.”
Berlin is also aiming to shift decision-making on funding for Ukraine from unanimity to qualified majority voting, in an effort to prevent a single government from blocking EU decisions.
The letter reflects mounting frustration among the EU’s northern member states, Ukraine’s most generous backers, over lower contributions from other EU countries in Central and Southern Europe.
The task of brokering an agreement on the budget falls to Costa, the former Portuguese prime minister.
Costa wants a deal by the end of the year, ahead of elections in France, Poland, and Italy in 2027 that could complicate the process.
A spokesperson for Costa confirmed receipt of the letter without elaborating on details. “President Costa will dedicate time to the Ukraine issue at the informal European Council meeting in Dublin this week,” the spokesperson said, adding that funding for Ukraine would be addressed at a dedicated summit on the EU budget scheduled for 26-27 November.
Europe
EU expects next Israeli government to adopt less aggressive posture
The EU expects the next Israeli government to mend its “difficult relationship” with Brussels and adopt a more constructive approach toward Gaza and illegal settlements.
Israeli President Isaac Herzog tasked Gadi Eisenkot, the leader of the anti-Netanyahu bloc, on Sunday with forming a government.
Eisenkot stated that the country faces a “catastrophic diplomatic crisis” as traditional allies begin to reassess their relations with Israel.
Speaking to Rapporteur, several European diplomats stationed in Tel Aviv said they expect ties to get back on track.
“Whatever government comes in, we can try to revitalize relations because Israel is clearly a very important partner,” one European diplomat said, adding that Brussels expects the next administration to be “less aggressive”.
The diplomat noted that relations with Europe are currently “not very good”.
Israel cut off communication with Kaja Kallas, the EU high representative for foreign affairs and security policy, after Rapporteur revealed in June that she had compared Israel to apartheid-era South Africa during a visit to Mexico.
The diplomat stated that this decision, taken ahead of elections, was political in nature. A second European diplomat based in Brussels explained that the announcement came only a few days before an official visit by Dubravka Šuica, the European commissioner for the Mediterranean.
“This could have been interpreted as a tactic to divide Europe, but Israel had asked Kallas to deny the report; she did not do so,” the second diplomat said.
Brussels has repeatedly voiced its frustration with Israel over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the expansion of West Bank settlements.
However, EU governments blocked almost all sanctions proposed by the European Commission.
A third diplomat said opposition parties would “almost certainly take the issue more seriously” when it comes to tackling violence by West Bank settlers:
“We see Palestinians being expelled from their homes and new illegal settlements being built in the West Bank. There is a reluctance on the part of the current government to address this issue, which causes problems in our relations.”
The new government is expected to ease pressure on Palestinians and halt construction of the E1 settlement project, a controversial plan to build settler housing in the West Bank east of Jerusalem.
“They will probably try to deal with the problem of extremist settlers in the West Bank,” the diplomat added.
On Gaza, the diplomat described the situation as “a complete nightmare”, with two million Palestinians crowded into an area that accounts for roughly 35% of the territory.
“There are not enough tents for the winter, and not enough vaccines are reaching the area despite an increase in diseases,” the diplomat said.
The European official argued that Donald Trump’s peace plan met all the conditions for Europe. Although the EU had much to offer, neither the US nor Israel appeared interested in EU involvement in the process.
“We are currently training Palestinian police in the West Bank, and if permitted, we could do the same in Gaza,” the diplomat said.
The diplomat disclosed that Israel had agreed with Šuica that Europe would finance two projects aimed at improving sewage and water infrastructure in Gaza, continuing:
“However, none of these projects has started yet because there is a serious problem with dual-use goods. Getting materials into Gaza is very difficult because the Israelis say they could be misused if they fall into the wrong hands of Hamas.”
Israel insists that Hamas must be disarmed before subsequent phases of Trump’s plan can proceed.
With disarmament unlikely to happen in the near term, the EU argues that certain measures can be carried out in parallel.
“We can begin rebuilding sanitation systems in Gaza. We can start building desalination plants. We can begin providing energy and water to Gaza,” one diplomat said.
While Brussels hopes for progress on Gaza and the West Bank, it maintains that expectations regarding the establishment of a Palestinian state need to be “managed”.
The EU continues to advocate a two-state solution, yet most leading Jewish parties oppose the creation of a Palestinian state.
The diplomat noted that the next Israeli government will likely have “a very slim majority and not much room for manoeuvre”.
There is also a “major misunderstanding” between the EU and Israel that must be addressed. According to the diplomat, Europeans fail to recognize the “psychological impact” of 7 October on Israelis.
“This event changed the country and made the two-state solution even more distant than before,” the diplomat said.
In return, some Israeli politicians believe Europe has betrayed Israel despite what they view as a fight against “Islamist terrorism”.
“Their argument is that European politicians are somewhat afraid of the Muslim population in Europe,” the European diplomat said.
Europe strongly opposes Iran and the possibility of Tehran acquiring nuclear weapons, imposing sanctions in response.
However, the diplomat argued that the EU would not participate in a war because it lacks a common army:
“We are a diplomatic and economic power, which is why we resort to sanctions and diplomacy. The expectation that we would take part in a military operation is unrealistic.”
Europe
Germany threatens EU budget veto over long-term Ukraine aid
Germany has threatened to veto the European Union’s joint budget for the 2028-2034 period, which is currently under negotiation, unless every member state commits to providing financial support to Ukraine in 2027 and subsequent years, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz warned.
According to a report by the Financial Times (FT), Chancellor Merz set out Berlin’s condition for the budget talks in a letter addressed to European Council President António Costa.
In his letter, Merz wrote: “A collective commitment that every single one of us, without exception, will make a fair contribution to closing Ukraine’s budget deficit is an indispensable prerequisite for resolving this budget issue and, in particular, for addressing subsequent matters that carry financial implications.”
The German Chancellor stressed that a formula backed by all member states must be established to provide Ukraine with a reliable, multi-year financial perspective starting from 2028.
Merz also insisted that any agreed solution must cover the interest payments on debts incurred to finance the assistance provided to Kyiv.
Conversely, several countries within the bloc have cut financial aid to Ukraine, and the number of capitals adopting this stance is projected to rise next year.
In December 2025, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic approved the EU’s 90 billion euro loan package for Kyiv only on the condition that they would not contribute to its costs themselves.
Alongside these three countries, Bulgaria has also stated that it does not plan to participate in subsequent financial assistance packages for Ukraine.
In France, far-right leader Marine Le Pen, who could potentially win the presidential election scheduled for spring 2027, recently told the FT that Paris has run out of funds.
Le Pen assessed: “The honest approach is to tell Mr Zelensky clearly, and even warn him: ‘Look, we cannot do more. We have already allocated the 90 billion euro EU loan, in which France’s share amounts to 18 billion euros. 18 billion euros is genuinely a huge amount of money.'”
The EU’s 90 billion euro loan, covering the 2026-2027 period, aims to meet two-thirds of Ukraine’s financing requirements.
Brussels expects the remaining 45 billion euros to be covered by other partners, including Canada, the UK, Norway, Japan, South Korea, and Australia.
Germany remains the largest net contributor to the EU budget.
In contrast, the four Eastern European countries seeking to avoid financing Ukraine rank among the largest net beneficiaries of the bloc’s budget.
Leveraging this balance, Chancellor Merz aims to use his influence in the EU budget negotiations to secure uninterrupted support for Kyiv in 2027 and the years beyond.
According to the FT, Berlin is also demanding that future aid packages be decided by qualified majority voting rather than unanimity, which is required under the current system.
A German government spokesperson told the newspaper:
“The issue of Ukraine’s financial needs must be resolved within the framework of the next EU budget. Financial support for Ukraine from all EU members is decisive for the successful conclusion of the budget talks.”
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