Europe
European central banks cut interest rates amid trade war fears
While President Donald Trump’s trade war has tied the Federal Reserve’s hands, it is pushing central banks in Europe to support their economies by lowering interest rates.
Following moves last month by the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Bank of England (BoE), the central banks of Switzerland, Sweden, and Norway cut their official interest rates this week.
All five central banks have lowered their growth forecasts in recent weeks. The common theme is that uncertainty about the future of trade, following Trump’s “Liberation Day” tariff announcement on April 2, has damaged confidence and suppressed economic activity.
In contrast, the Fed is not considering an interest rate cut this year, even though the same factors are negatively affecting the US economy. The reason is that the scope and scale of Trump’s tariffs are almost certain to raise inflation in the US.
“Everyone I know is forecasting a significant bump in inflation in the coming months because of the tariffs, because someone has to pay for them,” Fed Chair Jerome Powell told reporters on Wednesday after the US central bank left its federal funds rate target range at 4.25% to 4.50%.
At the meeting, Fed policymakers revised their inflation forecasts for 2025 and 2026 upward, signaling that interest rates will need to remain higher for slightly longer as a result.
“Our job is to keep long-term inflation expectations stable and prevent a one-time increase in the price level from turning into a persistent inflation problem,” Powell said.
In this context, Powell emphasized that the US economy is still growing at a reasonable pace, while unemployment, at just 4.2% of the labor force, is low enough for the Fed to wait a little longer before acting.
The Fed’s cautious stance has angered Trump, who has called Powell a “fool” and said this week that he “might have to force things” if a move is not made soon.
“Obviously, we have a fool at the Fed,” he told reporters in front of the White House before the Fed’s decisions on Wednesday. “There is no inflation. There is only success. I want interest rates to come down.”
On the other side of the Atlantic, the situation is very different. The initial impact of the tariffs was felt in Europe’s export sector. Companies that rushed to ship their products to the US before the tariffs took effect now face a long wait for new orders.
While central banks are still concerned that the trade war could disrupt global supply chains and introduce additional costs that would increase inflation at some stage, that concern has been set aside for now.
“The economic recovery that began last year has lost momentum,” Sweden’s Riksbank said on Wednesday, cutting its interest rate by a quarter point to 2%.
“After a strong first quarter, growth will slow again and remain quite weak for the rest of the year,” the Swiss National Bank said on Thursday morning, lowering its interest rate from 0.25% to zero.
In Norway, where the central bank had resisted cutting rates despite the post-pandemic inflation surge, it announced that the time had finally come to change its stance. Norges Bank also indicated it would cut rates again later in the year.
The BoE left its bank rate unchanged on Thursday, but it had cut rates in May, and Governor Andrew Bailey stated, “Interest rates are continuing on a gradual downward trend.”
The ECB also made its eighth interest rate cut of the past year at the beginning of June, and analysts predict that both central banks will continue to cut rates in the coming months.
As growth slows, inflation is also falling below the level desired by central banks, at least in the short term. The ECB forecasts that inflation will be 1.6% next year before returning to its 2.0% target in 2027.
In Switzerland, inflation turned negative on a year-over-year basis in May, at -0.1%.
The reason for this is largely the shaken confidence in the dollar due to Trump’s policies. The dollar has lost about 9% of its value this year against major Western currencies such as the euro, sterling, and the Swiss franc.
This has caused the prices of many of Europe’s imports, particularly commodities priced in dollars like oil and coffee, to become significantly cheaper in local currency terms.
“Because of the erratic and chaotic new policy style in the US, we have seen European currencies strengthen,” said ING economist Carsten Brzeski, describing them as “a significant driver of deflationary pressures in Europe.”
Indeed, Switzerland’s interest rate cut on Thursday was directly aimed at reducing the appeal of the franc, which global investors see as a “safe haven.”
“We will not take the decision for negative interest rates lightly,” SNB President Martin Schlegel said at a press conference, while acknowledging that he might have to lower the main interest rate below zero again.
Europe
EIB to unveil 15 billion euro tech initiative to scale European startups
The European Investment Bank (EIB) will announce a €15 billion initiative today, in collaboration with EU capitals and private investors, aimed at supporting the growth of European technology companies.
For decades, startups on the continent have struggled to raise the large-scale funding rounds necessary to scale on this side of the Atlantic, frequently turning to US investors or relocating abroad as they expand.
“We are catching up. Now we need to accelerate,” EIB President Nadia Calviño said.
Under the existing European Tech Champions Initiative, the EIB had already pooled resources with six EU governments to establish funds that invest in high-growth companies across the EU.
Calviño described the initiative as “very successful,” noting that it has supported 12 European “unicorn” companies valued at over $1 billion, including the German artificial intelligence translation firm DeepL.
The bank is now expanding the program with a new phase nearly four times the size of the original.
Twenty-five EU governments, alongside private investors such as Santander and Danske Bank, are expected to participate in the program.
This initial €15 billion aims to mobilize up to €80 billion in total investment. Calviño stated that this estimate is based on the multiplier effects achieved under previous programs.
As part of these efforts, the EIB also aims to attract European pension funds, which manage immense pools of capital but have historically allocated fewer resources to technology investments compared to their US counterparts.
In addition to the new funding, Calviño noted that the EIB will create a platform providing a single point of access for existing European scale-up initiatives, including the European Commission’s Scaleup Europe Fund, France’s Tibi initiative, and Germany’s Win initiative.
Europe
Germany to purchase US Tomahawk missiles to build own long-range strike capability
Germany will purchase Tomahawk cruise missiles from the United States and deploy them on German territory, Chancellor Friedrich Merz announced on Thursday.
The move marks a shift away from planned US deployments and toward Germany establishing its own long-range strike capability.
Merz told lawmakers that he finalized the agreement with the US government during the NATO summit in Ankara, adding that the talks held on Tuesday and Wednesday had exceeded his expectations.
“While we close a critical strategic gap in our defense, we are also working to develop our own European systems and deploy them in Europe,” the Chancellor said.
According to German government sources, Washington committed in a letter of intent signed on Tuesday to approve Germany’s acquisition of Tomahawk missiles and their land-based Typhon launchers in August.
The number of missiles and launchers Germany plans to purchase was not disclosed because the information is classified.
The planned acquisition appears aligned with US President Donald Trump’s pressure on European allies to cover their own security costs, such as by purchasing US weapons.
The fate of the Tomahawk procurement had become uncertain after Trump announced in May that he would reduce the US military presence in Germany.
That development was seen as a cancellation of a plan made under the previous administration to deploy a US battalion equipped with long-range Tomahawk missiles to Germany.
That original plan was designed as a temporary solution to serve as a strong deterrent against Russia while Europeans developed their own versions of such weapons.
Germany produces its own cruise missile, the Taurus, but its range of approximately 311 miles is three to five times shorter than that of the Tomahawk missiles.
Europe
Apple loses EU court appeal over Digital Markets Act gatekeeper designation
The General Court of the European Union has rejected Apple’s challenges against its “gatekeeper” status designated under the Digital Markets Act (DMA).
With this ruling, the company’s designated status for the App Store and iOS remains valid, while its applications regarding iMessage were also rejected.
Apple had argued that the five separate App Stores it operates for the iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac, and Apple TV should be evaluated as distinct, individual services.
The court rejected this argument, ruling that these stores serve a common purpose of connecting developers and users, regardless of the specific device.
The court also dismissed Apple’s defense that the DMA’s interoperability obligations violate its fundamental rights.
However, it did not conduct a substantive assessment on the legality of this obligation, stating that a direct legal link could not be established between the regulation in question and the determination of “gatekeeper” status.
Following the ruling, Apple argued that the obligations under the DMA “exceed the boundaries of legality and proportionality.” The company asserted that the new rules jeopardize the work it has carried out for years to ensure user privacy and security.
Apple retains the right to appeal the decision, though a company spokesperson did not comment on whether there are plans to do so.
Apple previously declared that DMA rules prevented the launch of the updated version of Siri in Europe, resulting in European users being unable to benefit from the service.
In force in the European Union since 2024, the DMA covers a total of 22 services and products belonging to Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft.
The regulation obliges these companies to share certain data with competitors, provide access to user-generated data, and offer verification tools to advertising partners.
Additionally, it prohibits platforms from engaging in anti-competitive practices that favor their own products. Companies failing to comply with the rules face fines of up to 10% of their global turnover, which can rise to 20% in cases of repeated violations.
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