China, Russia, and Iran, following trilateral talks in Beijing on Friday, called for an end to “illegal and unilateral sanctions” against Tehran, as well as “threats of force.”

In a joint statement released by Chinese state television CCTV, the three countries said that diplomatic engagement and dialogue based on “mutual respect” were the “only effective and viable option” to address the issue of Iran’s nuclear program.

“The three countries emphasized that relevant parties should be determined to eliminate the root causes of the current situation and abandon sanctions and pressure, as well as military threats,” the statement continued.

The statement did not explicitly mention the US, but the meeting followed Iran’s rejection of Donald Trump’s proposal to restart nuclear negotiations. Tehran said it was not fair to negotiate under conditions where Washington was implementing a policy of maximum pressure.

The meeting, chaired by Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Ma Zhaoxu, was attended by Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergey Ryabkov and Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Kazem Gharibabadi.

During his first term as president, Trump withdrew the US from the international agreement under which Iran agreed to limit its nuclear program in exchange for the lifting of sanctions.

Last week, Trump proposed restarting negotiations in a letter to Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, which was delivered by the United Arab Emirates. In an interview a day after the letter was delivered, he said that if Tehran did not want to negotiate, the US would have to “intervene militarily.”

Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian said that he would not negotiate under “threat” and would not submit to the “orders” of the US.

Friday’s meeting took place before a conference at the United Nations Security Council on the same day to discuss Iran’s growing uranium stockpile. Earlier this month, the International Atomic Energy Agency expressed new concerns about Iran’s uranium enrichment activities, stating that these activities were approaching weapons-grade levels.

In a joint press conference with his Russian and Iranian counterparts, Sergei Ryabkov and Kazem Gharibabadi, Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Ma Zhaoxu said: “We emphasized the importance of UN Security Council Resolution 2231 and its timeframe, and called on relevant parties to avoid actions that would escalate the situation and to jointly create a favorable atmosphere and conditions for diplomatic efforts.”

The resolution Ma referred to endorsed the nuclear agreement, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, which was also signed by China, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, and the European Union.

On Friday, both China and Russia welcomed Iran’s commitment to the Non-Proliferation Treaty and Tehran’s pledge not to pursue nuclear weapons. “They emphasized that Iran’s right to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes as a party to the treaty should be fully respected,” the statement said.

The trio also held joint naval exercises in the Gulf of Oman last week to deepen military cooperation.

It was also noteworthy that the meeting was not held in Beijing. China, which aims to mediate in disputes in the Middle East, has previously mediated between Iran and Saudi Arabia, long-time adversaries, and brought together Palestinian organizations in Beijing at the beginning of the Gaza War.

Analysts say that China’s growing interest in the Middle East also reflects Beijing’s desire to diversify relations beyond economic partnerships. According to Jonathan Fulton of the Atlantic Council, some Middle Eastern countries see relations with China as a tool and even leverage to attract the attention of the US.

“Iran, of course, sees the West as an enemy and China’s support as crucial to navigating a challenging regional and international environment,” Fulton said in his recent report for the Washington-based think tank.

Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov announced that Azerbaijan and Armenia have reached a final agreement on a peace treaty, agreeing on all articles, and have completed the negotiation process.

According to the news agency APA, the final agreed-upon articles include that the parties will not make mutual claims in the international arena and will not have foreign observers at the border.

The Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs also confirmed the completion of the negotiations. In an official statement, the Ministry said, “The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia confirms that the draft ‘Agreement on the Establishment of Peace and Interstate Relations Between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan’ has been agreed upon. Therefore, the document is ready for signing.”

Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that the parties are ready to discuss the details regarding the date and place of the signing.

“We have our ideas, and so does Baku. We will try to bring them closer during the negotiations,” Pashinyan said.

According to Pashinyan’s statement, the agreements reached are a compromise that considers the interests of both parties.

The Prime Minister also emphasized that there are no secret clauses in the treaty text, stating, “The public is familiar with its main provisions, as they have been discussed for four years.”

The Prime Minister noted that since an agreement has been reached, Azerbaijan finds it beneficial for itself, and Armenia finds it acceptable for itself.

“This is what should be in any peace agreement,” he added.

Pashinyan stated that there were no negotiations with Baku regarding amendments to the Armenian Constitution.

However, Azerbaijan insists on changes to Armenia’s fundamental law, as it refers to the 1990 Declaration of Independence, which defines Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the country. Baku considers this a territorial claim.

Pashinyan had previously mentioned the need for constitutional reform, including the possibility of a referendum for a new fundamental law.

At the end of February, Pashinyan reported that the parties had agreed on 15 of the 17 articles of the agreement.

At that time, the main disagreements were related to the deployment of foreign troops along the border and cases pending in international courts.

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is reportedly planning to send troops on a peacekeeping mission to Ukraine.

According to sources speaking to Bloomberg, Türkiye’s influence in the region continues to grow as the US reviews its commitments to Europe.

Bloomberg also reported that Erdoğan is seeking closer defense and economic cooperation from the EU in exchange for security guarantees.

The agency’s sources suggested that this cooperation could include the participation of Turkish soldiers in a peacekeeping mission in Ukraine.

Sources interviewed by the agency stated that Ankara is considering the possibility of a mission where the Turkish side would help monitor the situation on the contact line in Ukraine, without being involved in the conflict.

It was previously reported that Erdoğan had discussed the deployment of Turkish peacekeeping troops with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov.

Meanwhile, at a press conference following a meeting with Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk yesterday, Erdoğan stated that EU membership is a strategic goal for Türkiye.

Erdoğan also noted the necessity of having an Islamic country with veto power in the United Nations Security Council.

Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov stated, “Proposals to send peacekeepers to the conflict zone seem like attempts to rescue the authorities in Kyiv.”

However, an unnamed Turkish official told Reuters that there is no clear plan yet regarding a new European security architecture or Turkey’s potential contributions to it, but certain steps could advance cooperation.

The official said, “Instead of including Türkiye in projects ‘à la carte,’ it would make more sense to seek more holistic partnerships [for Europe]. For example, they could start by including Türkiye in the European Peace Facility program.”

An unnamed Ministry of National Defense official also stated that Ankara and Europe have common interests, from counter-terrorism to migration, and that Türkiye’s full participation in EU defense efforts is critical for Europe to become a global actor, adding that Ankara is ready to do its utmost to help create the new security framework.

Another European diplomat said that Türkiye’s involvement in security guarantees for Ukraine is vital.

“Erdoğan’s interests currently align with ours, especially since he no longer has the Russia dynamic in Syria,” the diplomat said.

“So, in a way, the stars have aligned for them to play a role in the future guarantees that Europe will give to Ukraine,” the diplomat added.