Opinion
“Da Tong” and “Ubuntu”: A community of Shared Future for China and Africa
Yi Shaoxuan, Research Assistant
Center for Turkish Studies, Shanghai University
From September 4 to 6, 2024, the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) was held in Beijing. Heads of State and Government from China and 53 African countries attended the summit. After the summit, the two sides jointly issued statements and initiatives such as “Beijing declaration on jointly building an all-weather China-Africa community with a shared future for the new era”, “Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Beijing Action Plan (2025-2027)”, “The China-Africa Joint Statement on Deepening Cooperation within the Framework of the Global Development Initiative (GDI)” and the “Ten Partnership Actions for Modernization”. Such documents are striving to make FOCAC a highly effective platform for South-South cooperation and a well-established brand for leading international cooperation with Africa. It can be said that the summit is of great significance not only to Africa’s own development, but also to the overall rise of the global South and the building of a fair and just new global economic and political order.
More importantly, at this summit, the ancient philosophical wisdom of the Chinese people and the African people—— “Da Tong” and “Ubuntu” ——resonate with each other, once again demonstrating to the world the unity of 2.8 billion people in China and Africa. “Da Tong” is short of “Tian Xia Da Tong”. It comes from The Book of Rites, a book with more than 2000 years of history. The concept “Da Tong” means all people under the heaven are of one family and all nations should live in harmony. The term “Ubuntu” originates from the language spoken by the Zulu people in South Africa, but represents the worldview or philosophical thinking of the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. Kenyan philosopher John Mbiti summarized it as “Because We are, therefore, I am”. Ubuntu philosophy emphasize that the individual can not exist independently of others, thus attach great significance to harmony. This coincides with the concept of “Da Tong” in traditional Chinese Confucianism, and the profound meaning contained therein is in stark contrast to Western individualism.
What is the impact of the summit on China and Africa?
For China, the cooperation with African countries opens a new chapter of the Belt and Road Initiative in the post-epidemic era.
In terms of international influence, the China-Africa cooperation event has become a model of “South-South cooperation” and strengthened the solidarity of developing countries. As the only developing country among the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, China has shouldered the responsibility of being the voice of the global South. The fact that 53 of the 54 AU member states attended the summit also demonstrates China’s power to appeal.
In terms of economic and trade, China has found a new outlet and raw material for its clean energy. In recent years, Western governments, especially Biden administration have imposed high tariffs and thresholds on China’s electric vehicles and solar energy products, and have constructed concepts such as “overproduction” to drive out China’s related industries. Taking solar panels as an example, Chinese national brands, such as “CATL” , together occupy about 80% of the global supply chain with good quality and low price. Therefore, this kind of malicious barriers to China’s clean energy industry is not a small blow. What’s more, Chinese companies have cobalt, lithium and other raw material projects or hold stakes in mining companies in quite a few African countries, with Chinese companies investing $7.8 billion in African minerals in 2023 alone. Those investments is intended to feed its green industries, especially electric vehicle industry. “Ten Partnership Actions for Modernization” mentioned that China supports Africa to improve climate resilience, provide new energy technologies and products, implement 30 clean energy and green development projects, and set up China-Africa green industry chain special funds. This thriving market in Africa will give new impetus to China’s new energy industry.
In terms of mutual understanding of civilizations, this summit has promoted the friendship between China and Africa, confirming the path of “people-to-people bond” under the Belt and Road Initiative. China does not have the burden of colonial aggression on Africa, but shares the deep comradeship of common struggle. Foreign Minister Wang Yi emphasized in his reply to a reporter’s question during the summit that “China-Africa friendship was forged in the struggle for national independence and liberation of the two sides, and has been strengthened in the cause of common development and revitalization”. It was a large number of African countries that staunchly safeguarded China’s interests in the international arena and voted in favor of restoring China’s legitimate rights and interests in the General Assembly at the 26th session of the United Nations General Assembly in 1971. Chairman Mao summed it up when he said, “It was the African brothers who carried China into the United Nations”. Nowadays, China chooses Africa for assistance and investment, it carries a good friendship that spans many years.
For African countries, this meeting and its outcome are also a source of satisfaction. In terms of international standing, the people of the world’s two most populous continents have met again, proclaiming to the world the unity and friendship of the countries of the South. A nationally liberated Africa is no longer at the mercy of colonizers, but is actively fighting for its political and economic interests and making its voice heard on the world stage.
In terms of trade dealings, China has provided 360 billion yuan (more than 50 billion U.S. dollars) in aid to Africa, is expected to create one million jobs. China has promised to deepen cooperation between the two sides in the fields of industry, agriculture, trade, and infrastructure. In the context of the weak global economy after the epidemic, the conclusion of these cooperation comes just in time African countries. Around 2030, a part of the African countries will face the pressure of debt repayment years, so the stimulation of emerging investment may be able to alleviate part of the burden.
Finally, in the mingling of African culture Chinese culture, the two peoples deepen their friendship. As mentioned above, the resonance between the Ubuntu ideology and Chinese Confucianism’s “Da Tong” not only allows both sides to have a tacit understanding due to similar cultural backgrounds, but also deepens the sense of identity and pride in their own cultural genes.
What is the impact of the Summit on the Global South?
First, the Summit is an important part of the global activities of the countries of the Global South. 2024 saw the release of the Global Presence Index by the Royal Institute of Elcano, Spain, in which the key measure is the influence of countries in the economic, military, scientific, social and cultural spheres. The data show that the overall level of global presence in the Global South has continued to grow, and that the difference in global presence between the North and the South has decreased. International events such as the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) have broadened the influence and appeal of the South in the international arena.
Second, the Summit demonstrated that there is more than one Western model of modernization for the global South. The “Beijing Action Plan (2025-2027)” proposes that the two sides will jointly explore modernization for peaceful development, mutually beneficial cooperation and common prosperity on the basis of the development and revitalization of their respective countries. Among the initiatives to modernize the main social sector with Chinese characteristics, the fight against poverty is a typical case. China has lifted nearly 100 million of its own people out of poverty in just a decade. According to the latest figures from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), about 733 million people still suffer from hunger in 2023, with a significant portion in Africa. China has very valuable experience in using agricultural development as an effective way to eradicate poverty. Sharing China’s agricultural development path is of great significance to Africa, where small farmers are the mainstay. The summit document also pointed out that the two sides will build a China-Africa agricultural science and technology innovation alliance, create 100 demonstration villages for poverty reduction in agriculture, send 500 agricultural experts to African countries, train 1,000 agricultural wealth leaders, and push forward the construction and development of the China-Africa Mycorrhiza Cooperation Center and the China-Africa Bamboo Center. UN Secretary General Guterres has also expressed his appreciation for China-Africa cooperation in poverty reduction. Compared with the industrialization and big machine production in the West, perhaps this agriculture-led modernization model is more adapted to African soil.
Once again, the summit demonstrated the strong desire of the countries of the South to pursue development. Development is an important right shared by all countries in the world, and in 2010, then U.S. President Barack Obama was overheard saying in an interview with Australian media: “If over a billion Chinese citizens have the same living pattern as Australians and Americans do right now, then all of us are going through a very miserable time, the planet just can’t sustain it”. Although Obama was discussing energy saving and emission reduction in developing countries, this subconscious expression implicitly implies an arrogance that people in vast non-Western regions should not have the kind of affluence that the Americans and Australians have. Times have changed, and nowadays emerging countries are not only seeking to be “Not hungry”, but also to be “well-fed”. For example, the summit document mentions the “Development Partnership Initiative”: China and Africa will jointly build a global network of development promotion centers and assist in the implementation of 1,000 “small but beautiful” livelihood projects; The Chinese government will donate $50 million to renew the China-World Bank Group Partnership Fund, focusing on supporting African countries to realize inclusive and sustainable development. Many of the projects agreed upon at the Summit are livelihood projects that benefit the grassroots, which is a reflection of the people of developing countries’ pursuit of happiness and development.
Finally, the beautiful atmosphere demonstrated by the summit reveals that the main theme of the world’s future development is not “small yard, high fence” and mutual aggression, but a community of shared future with equality and mutual benefit. Back in 2000, the Economist magazine of the UK published a cover article entitled “Hopeless Africa”, describing it as the “Hopeless Continent” . But it was also in that year that the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation was established. Reciprocal win-win and mutual cooperation among countries of the South like between China and Africa has become a fashionable trend. Emerging countries such as India and Türkiye have also attempted to establish broader cooperation with Africa, and cooperation within the countries of the South has come to be more friendly, more egalitarian, and less burdensome.
The “Beijing Action Plan (2025-2027)” reads, “China will not interfere in African countries’ internal affairs; China will not impose its will on African countries; China will not attach political strings to assistance to Africa; and China will not seek unilateral political gains in investment and financing cooperation with Africa. The two sides will always uphold the spirit of China-Africa friendship and cooperation, and foster an even stronger comprehensive strategic and cooperative partnership between China and Africa.” These references are in fact in the same vein as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and the Bandung Spirit. The Bandung Conference was the first major international conference to discuss the vital interests of the peoples of Asia and Africa without the participation of colonial powers. Next year will mark the 70th anniversary of the Bandung Conference. The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation is not only a continuation of the spirit of the Bandung Conference, but is also expected to become a new brand of “South-South cooperation” as well known as the Bandung Conference.
Opinion
Israeli elections: The driver may change, but the destination remains the same
Haider Al-Aila, Abu Al-Amir
Anyone who views the Israeli elections as a battle between the right and the left is mistaken. The so-called Israeli left, in the conventional political sense, has long ceased to be a viable electoral force. What is actually unfolding is a struggle within the Zionist camp itself: a hardline religious and nationalist right led by Benjamin Netanyahu and his allies, versus a secular and centrist right seeking to reshape the political landscape by ousting him.
Netanyahu, having mastered the art of managing the Israeli right over the years, understands that his real vulnerability lies not merely in a Likud defeat, but in the disintegration of the broader right-wing bloc. In Israel’s electoral system—which requires parties to cross a 3.25% electoral threshold to enter the Knesset and mandates a 61-seat majority to form a government—smaller right-wing factions falling below that cutoff could deprive his bloc of the seats needed to govern. Consequently, Netanyahu has spent recent weeks fighting to unify fringe parties and prevent the fragmentation of the right-wing vote.
Herein lies the central paradox of the election: while Netanyahu’s camp is far more ideologically defined than its rivals, it is also markedly more fragile. Though it unites nationalist, religious, and ultra-Orthodox factions, these groups remain deeply divided over issues such as military conscription, the balance between religion and state, judicial governance, and even Netanyahu’s personal political future.
Conversely, the opposing camp—where leadership has increasingly shifted toward Gadi Eisenkot amid the waning influence of Naftali Bennett and Yair Lapid—is not a cohesive ideological movement. Rather, it is a broad coalition united primarily by a singular goal: removing Netanyahu from power.
Eisenkot is attempting to appeal to the political center, the secular right, and voters eager to replace Netanyahu without abandoning the mainstream Zionist consensus on security issues and political settlements. Indeed, Eisenkot himself does not support the establishment of an independent Palestinian state in the foreseeable future.
This captures the core reality of today’s Israeli politics: voters heading to the polls are not choosing between two fundamentally opposed visions for the Palestinian issue, but between competing approaches to governing Israel in the wake of October 7.
Netanyahu’s message to the electorate is straightforward: security demands an uncompromising, unapologetic right wing. Eisenkot, however, offers a different critique: the problem lies not in Israel’s military capability, but in the leadership that mismanaged it and failed to prevent the October 7 attacks. For him, leadership must change to restore institutional trust and state integrity. Thus, accountability for the failures of October 7 has emerged as the defining battleground of the campaign against Netanyahu.
Yet Eisenkot’s bloc harbors its own internal contradictions. It is far from a unified political movement, operating instead as a loose, pragmatic alliance of figures who lack a shared long-term agenda. To maximize their numbers, several opposition parties have already begun coordinating surplus vote-sharing agreements to minimize wasted ballots.
This dynamic brings the “Arab dilemma” to the fore.
If neither Jewish-led bloc achieves a 61-seat majority, Arab Knesset members could hold the balance of power, either by joining a governing coalition or backing one from the outside. This is no trivial variable; higher turnout among Arab citizens could decisively alter seat distribution, particularly given that their participation in previous elections fell well below the national average.
The profound irony, however, is that while anti-Netanyahu forces urge Arab citizens to turn out and “save democracy,” large segments of the Zionist establishment still refuse to treat them as legitimate governing partners. Notably, Bennett—competing fiercely against Netanyahu—has explicitly demanded a coalition restricted exclusively to Zionist parties, despite having presided over a 2021 government that relied directly on an Arab party.
Consequently, should Eisenkot’s camp require Arab support to form a government, it may secure an electoral victory tainted by political hypocrisy: Netanyahu falls, yet Arab lawmakers (such as Mansour Abbas’s bloc) are once again reduced to numerical leverage rather than genuine partners in shaping state policy.
For Palestinians, it is vital not to succumb to the illusion that Netanyahu’s downfall equates to the demise of the Israeli right or the resurrection of an Israeli peace camp. The Palestinian question runs far deeper than the name of the Israeli prime minister.
Netanyahu may fall, Eisenkot may rise, Bennett may return, and a new cabinet may be formed with different faces. Yet the overarching current within Israeli society, particularly after October 7, remains thoroughly detached from any political solution that recognizes the Palestinian right to an independent state with Jerusalem as its capital.
The upcoming Israeli elections are not, at their core, a contest between right and left. They are a contest between one right-wing faction that seeks to continue down the current path under Netanyahu, and another that seeks to replace the driver while keeping the vehicle on the exact same road—differing only in speed and driving style.
This is precisely where the lesson lies for the Palestinians: they must not expect a miracle from the Israeli ballot box. Genuine transformation cannot be measured merely by who occupies the Prime Minister’s Office, but by whether Israeli society is willing to confront the deeper trajectory that led to October 7 and its aftermath.
The driver may change, and the style of driving may shift, but the defining question for Palestinians remains: Will the destination ever change?
This is what Palestinians must recognize clearly. Netanyahu is neither the entirety of the problem, nor is his departure the ultimate solution. Even his rivals, who march under the banner of change, operate within a political and social paradigm that has only grown more right-wing, entrenched, and hostile toward Palestinian rights.
Opinion
Gaza exposes the myth of the “most moral army in the world”
Haider Al-Aila, Gaza

Calling the Israeli military the “most moral army in the world” is a claim thoroughly shattered by the facts on the ground and the atrocities committed against the Palestinian people. What morality can an army claim when it massacres civilians, collapses homes on top of families, loots private property, and desecrates the dead—all while its leadership projects an air of moral supremacy to the world?
Morality is not measured by slogans or military technology; it is defined by how force is applied and the degree of respect shown for human life and dignity. From this perspective, Israel’s devastating war on Gaza reveals systematic, criminal practices that cannot be justified under any pretext of security or self-defense.
When killing becomes a display of power
Among the most harrowing dimensions of this war is the relentless bombardment that turns inhabited homes into mass graves, with utter disregard for women, children, and the elderly. In the densely populated Gaza Strip, widespread strikes have decimated entire neighborhoods, burying thousands of families beneath the rubble.
Equally horrifying are the reports of mass graves uncovered near Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City and Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis. These sites revealed the bodies of women and the elderly, some bearing signs of execution, binding, and stripped of clothing. Eyewitnesses documented similar mass graves near the Indonesian Hospital in northern Gaza. The United Nations has rightfully demanded independent, transparent investigations to establish accountability for these apparent war crimes.
The sanctity of the dead is a fundamental human right. Any violation of this principle demands rigorous investigation and prosecution—free from diplomatic cover or denial.
A single target as a pretext to level entire blocks
I do not speak here merely from reports; I speak as a firsthand witness in Gaza. I have watched entire residential blocks—housing vulnerable families—flattened under the pretext of targeting a single individual. Time and again, the Israeli military has tracked a target via reconnaissance drones, waited until he entered a crowded residential building, and then brought the entire structure down. In doing so, they have wiped out dozens of civilians who had absolutely no connection to the individual being pursued.
This reality raises a damning question: If an army possesses the surveillance technology to track a target with surgical precision, why wait to destroy the building while innocent civilians are inside? What crime did these families commit to pay with their lives?
Deliberately subjecting civilians to catastrophic harm without taking the legally required precautions cannot be excused by the presence of a target. It is a direct violation of International Humanitarian Law and constitutes unlawful collective punishment. These are not abstract statistics or fleeting screen images to me; they are the lived realities of families wiped out in an instant.
Looting at gunpoint
The degradation extends beyond killing and physical destruction. Human rights organizations and a 2024 UN Commission of Inquiry have documented widespread instances of Israeli soldiers looting Palestinian homes—stealing cash, gold, jewelry, and electronics.
Compounding the crime, soldiers have frequently posted videos on social media mocking the victims, showing off stolen goods, and celebrating the destruction of civilian property. Pillaging the belongings of displaced or deceased civilians is not military heroism; it is a war crime and an assault on human dignity.
The racism that precedes the bullet
These actions cannot be separated from a dehumanizing, racist discourse that treats Palestinians as subhuman and undeserving of life. When national supremacy is normalized and Palestinian lives are deemed worthless, military atrocities become the inevitable outcome. In the eyes of an indoctrinated soldier, a dehumanized population becomes an open target for slaughter, torture, and humiliation.
This is not a condemnation of Jewish people, who are not a monolith; rather, it is an indictment of the racist Zionist ideology, the brutal policies of the occupation, and all who enable or justify these crimes.
When killing becomes a hunting game
Among the most chilling accounts are videos and testimonies of snipers targeting young Palestinians as if hunting prey. Soldiers have been filmed stalking victims from fortified positions, then cheering and celebrating as their bullets hit their mark.
Killing here ceases to be an act of war; it becomes sport. What moral decay allows human death to become a source of entertainment? It strips the victim of their humanity, reducing someone with dreams, a future, and a family to mere target practice.
Technology without morality
The Israeli military boasts advanced surveillance, artificial intelligence, and precision weaponry. Yet technological superiority does not confer moral superiority, nor does it grant an army a blank check to use disproportionate force.
International Humanitarian Law mandates distinction, proportionality, and precaution. Technology merely amplifies the capacity for violence; it does not legitimize mass slaughter, nor does it grant immunity from accountability.
Internal dissent: “I can no longer bear the silence”
Cracks in the narrative have also emerged from within. A widely circulated account attributed to Israeli reserve Major Avdar Shailovsky, titled “I Can No Longer Bear the Silence” (published by the Jerusalem News Agency), recounts his refusal to remain silent about the horrors he witnessed in Gaza.
The account details the deliberate targeting of civilian gatherings, aid distribution points, and the sniping of women and children, alongside systemic mockery of Palestinian suffering. Shailovsky expressed profound remorse for his complicity and called for a rejection of the racist indoctrination driving the military. While such voices of conscience exist within Israeli society, they remain a marginalized minority against a prevailing culture of right-wing extremism that condones the occupation and the erasure of Palestinian rights.
What morality remains?
The rhetoric driving this war was made clear early on when former Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant referred to Palestinians as “human animals.” Such language laid the ideological groundwork for the atrocities that followed.
Public relations campaigns cannot erase the reality on the ground in Gaza. Neither military power nor foreign diplomatic protection can hide the mass graves or silence the voices of the victims.
In Gaza, I have seen multistory towers turned into tombs and human beings reduced to collateral damage by an army that views their existence as worthless. How can there be any talk of moral superiority when the dead lie trapped under concrete, emergency responders are barred from reaching them, and a nation’s suffering is trivialized?
Gaza has not only shattered the myth of the “most moral army in the world”—it has placed the conscience of the entire international community on trial.
Opinion
Imperialism, economic power, and foreign policy
In its shortest, leanest, and simplest definition, foreign policy is the management of all manner of relations entered into with other countries. Foreign policy is a costly undertaking. It demands extensive knowledge, skill, experience, and leadership. For the price of failure is heavy, in every respect. A country’s reputation, influence, and deterrence, as well as its human resources, finances, and borders, are all directly affected by the success or failure of its foreign policy.
The program researching the costs of war at Brown University in the US (see https://costsofwar.watson.brown.edu/paper/overview) determined in its research that post-9/11 US attacks and invasions imposed an economic burden of $8 trillion and caused the direct or indirect deaths of more than 4.5 million people. The report also noted that, alongside the financial burden of these attacks and invasions, they displaced millions of people and exacerbated global environmental pollution.
Today, to understand the decline in US imperialism’s capacity for hegemony and its ecological dominance, one must first understand the burden borne by the US economy. For the US is no longer a country that accounts for more than half of global output, as it did in the aftermath of World War II. Its share of total production stands at around 20%. The social, class, and cultural fault lines within the country, as well as the divide between rich and poor, run exceptionally deep. The combined debt of the public sector, private corporations, and households has approached $200 trillion. The total debt of the federal government has exceeded $40 trillion (see: https://www.usdebtclock.org/world-debt-clock.html).
What does the US prioritize when lending?
The 3 largest creditors to the US, according to June 2026 data, are Japan ($1.117 trillion), the United Kingdom ($940 billion), and China ($633 billion). Israel is the country receiving the greatest amount of US economic and military aid in the Middle East, followed by Egypt. Ukraine, too, has received substantial economic and military aid, funds, and loans from the US. One must also not forget that the US lends money to its allies, including Ukraine, so that they will purchase US goods, weapons, and aircraft. The US dictates how they may use this debt. What is more, it has been doing this for years. During World War II, it lent substantial sums to its allies. Britain, for instance, was only able to pay off this debt in 2006; and Britain, alongside Israel, is one of the two strategic allies of the US. Rather than lending directly to countries undergoing economic crises, the US extends credit through the IMF and the World Bank. When lending, the US takes into account not only its economic priorities but also its strategic and geopolitical ones.
As an imperialist power, the US concerns itself with the entire world. It strives to remain effective and influential on a global scale. Yet just as the power of the US itself has waned, its allies no longer possess their former strength either, especially the Europeans. The European Union, an imperialist project, is not a global actor. There is no such cohesion, no such harmony within the European Union. Nor does it have such an objective. Furthermore, the European Union possesses neither the power, nor the will, nor the courage for this. Germany, the leader of the European Union, seeks merely to exert influence in its immediate neighbourhood: the Balkans, the Baltics, the Black Sea, and the Caucasus; that is all. And the extent to which it succeeds even in this remains open to debate. Moreover, there is not a single country in the world that desires or expects the European Union to step forward, take initiative, and project power globally in distant lands.
The methods used by imperialism
When reflecting on the relationship between imperialism and foreign policy, one should remember that the tools and methods employed by imperialism have evolved. In the 19th century, for example, imperialism resorted to cruder, more brutal, and more barbaric methods. Later, while continuing to turn to military methods and brute force, it systematically deployed economic and financial instruments, cultural hegemony, and sophisticated instruments and methods of governance, utilizing them with far greater frequency.
One of the lessons history teaches is this: every empire, every great power that grows too vast, expands too far, and stretches itself too thin also hastens its own demise. This condition is natural. It is inevitable. This holds true for the Roman Empire, just as it does for the Ottoman Empire, which ruled over immense territories stretching from the Caucasus to the gates of Vienna, and from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa. For governance and rule become increasingly difficult. For the financial burden mounts. For the bureaucracy grows cumbersome. For centrifugal tendencies come to the fore, competition among local powers far from the centre sharpens, and tensions between provincial power bases escalate. For difficulties arise in implementing necessary administrative and military reforms and in taking the required steps.
In summary, when the predicament of the US is evaluated in the light of this iron law of history, the decline in US power becomes all the clearer.
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