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Germany embraces an era of ‘military Keynesianism’

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It appears that an era of “military Keynesianism” has begun in Europe, focusing on military expenditures as a means to boost profitability amidst declining new investments.

German economist Lucas Zeise, in his analysis published in the newspaper junge Welt (jW), points out that the idea of “military” or “defense” Keynesianism is older than “widespread and civilian” Keynesianism.

Robert Skidelsky, whom Zeise describes as John Maynard Keynes’s biographer and “one of the few sensible voices” in the British House of Lords, also reiterated this last week.

According to Zeise, Skidelsky writes that military Keynesianism is the only form of Keynesianism that conservatives accept, noting that Keynesian politics originated not in peace, but in war.

Zeise states, “Rearmament and war eliminated unemployment in the US and Great Britain. During the Second World War, economic growth was 17% annually,” and argues that the typical form of post-war Keynesianism was also “military Keynesianism.” Between 1950 and 1970, US military spending constituted half of the federal government’s budget, and in the US case, this involved not just rearmament but “conducting active wars,” particularly in Korea and Vietnam.

Zeise points out that Skidelsky’s comments were triggered by the new German government and the removal of the constitutional debt brake introduced in 2009 to prevent Keynesian economic policies. He recalls that on the day this decision was made with the former Federal Assembly composition, jW termed it “armament Keynesianism.”

The jW author notes that Johann Wadephul, a CDU Foreign Minister, advocated for allocating 5% of the gross domestic product to military expenditures, as requested by then-US President Donald Trump. He also highlights that SPD Finance Minister Lars Klingbeil, despite describing himself as an “investment minister,” has not specified which infrastructure projects from the 500 billion euro special fund will be realized through government contracts.

On the other hand, unlike the debt authorization for armaments, each project in the infrastructure fund will be examined to determine if it constitutes an “additional” investment. No steps will be taken in this direction until the 2025 budget and the law establishing the “special infrastructure fund” are drafted in June.

Thus, according to Zeise, “Keynesian growth stimulus” through public procurement will not occur outside the defense sector. As Klingbeil and the coalition agreement state, this will be “subject to financing.”

Therefore, according to Zeise, Klingbeil and Merz only mentioned “investment incentives.” This allows companies to amortize 30% of their investments made within the current year for tax purposes, thereby increasing their post-tax profits.

In the current situation, such expansionary investments only serve to increase capacity in the arms sector. Consequently, Zeise believes Germany has arrived at a pre-Keynesian “military Keynesianism,” tolerated by “conservatives” and “stripped of civilian elements.”

German economist: Militarization of industry is a path to disaster

Europe

EIB to unveil 15 billion euro tech initiative to scale European startups

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The European Investment Bank (EIB) will announce a €15 billion initiative today, in collaboration with EU capitals and private investors, aimed at supporting the growth of European technology companies.

For decades, startups on the continent have struggled to raise the large-scale funding rounds necessary to scale on this side of the Atlantic, frequently turning to US investors or relocating abroad as they expand.

“We are catching up. Now we need to accelerate,” EIB President Nadia Calviño said.

Under the existing European Tech Champions Initiative, the EIB had already pooled resources with six EU governments to establish funds that invest in high-growth companies across the EU.

Calviño described the initiative as “very successful,” noting that it has supported 12 European “unicorn” companies valued at over $1 billion, including the German artificial intelligence translation firm DeepL.

The bank is now expanding the program with a new phase nearly four times the size of the original.

Twenty-five EU governments, alongside private investors such as Santander and Danske Bank, are expected to participate in the program.

This initial €15 billion aims to mobilize up to €80 billion in total investment. Calviño stated that this estimate is based on the multiplier effects achieved under previous programs.

As part of these efforts, the EIB also aims to attract European pension funds, which manage immense pools of capital but have historically allocated fewer resources to technology investments compared to their US counterparts.

In addition to the new funding, Calviño noted that the EIB will create a platform providing a single point of access for existing European scale-up initiatives, including the European Commission’s Scaleup Europe Fund, France’s Tibi initiative, and Germany’s Win initiative.

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Germany to purchase US Tomahawk missiles to build own long-range strike capability

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Germany will purchase Tomahawk cruise missiles from the United States and deploy them on German territory, Chancellor Friedrich Merz announced on Thursday.

The move marks a shift away from planned US deployments and toward Germany establishing its own long-range strike capability.

Merz told lawmakers that he finalized the agreement with the US government during the NATO summit in Ankara, adding that the talks held on Tuesday and Wednesday had exceeded his expectations.

“While we close a critical strategic gap in our defense, we are also working to develop our own European systems and deploy them in Europe,” the Chancellor said.

According to German government sources, Washington committed in a letter of intent signed on Tuesday to approve Germany’s acquisition of Tomahawk missiles and their land-based Typhon launchers in August.

The number of missiles and launchers Germany plans to purchase was not disclosed because the information is classified.

The planned acquisition appears aligned with US President Donald Trump’s pressure on European allies to cover their own security costs, such as by purchasing US weapons.

The fate of the Tomahawk procurement had become uncertain after Trump announced in May that he would reduce the US military presence in Germany.

That development was seen as a cancellation of a plan made under the previous administration to deploy a US battalion equipped with long-range Tomahawk missiles to Germany.

That original plan was designed as a temporary solution to serve as a strong deterrent against Russia while Europeans developed their own versions of such weapons.

Germany produces its own cruise missile, the Taurus, but its range of approximately 311 miles is three to five times shorter than that of the Tomahawk missiles.

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Apple loses EU court appeal over Digital Markets Act gatekeeper designation

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The General Court of the European Union has rejected Apple’s challenges against its “gatekeeper” status designated under the Digital Markets Act (DMA).

With this ruling, the company’s designated status for the App Store and iOS remains valid, while its applications regarding iMessage were also rejected.

Apple had argued that the five separate App Stores it operates for the iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac, and Apple TV should be evaluated as distinct, individual services.

The court rejected this argument, ruling that these stores serve a common purpose of connecting developers and users, regardless of the specific device.

The court also dismissed Apple’s defense that the DMA’s interoperability obligations violate its fundamental rights.

However, it did not conduct a substantive assessment on the legality of this obligation, stating that a direct legal link could not be established between the regulation in question and the determination of “gatekeeper” status.

Following the ruling, Apple argued that the obligations under the DMA “exceed the boundaries of legality and proportionality.” The company asserted that the new rules jeopardize the work it has carried out for years to ensure user privacy and security.

Apple retains the right to appeal the decision, though a company spokesperson did not comment on whether there are plans to do so.

Apple previously declared that DMA rules prevented the launch of the updated version of Siri in Europe, resulting in European users being unable to benefit from the service.

In force in the European Union since 2024, the DMA covers a total of 22 services and products belonging to Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft.

The regulation obliges these companies to share certain data with competitors, provide access to user-generated data, and offer verification tools to advertising partners.

Additionally, it prohibits platforms from engaging in anti-competitive practices that favor their own products. Companies failing to comply with the rules face fines of up to 10% of their global turnover, which can rise to 20% in cases of repeated violations.

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