Europe
Germany’s ‘Sparta 2.0’ plan outlines path to European military independence from US
German defense strategists have presented a concept paper titled “Sparta 2.0,” outlining a plan for Germany and Europe to develop military capabilities independent of the United States.
As the authors themselves note, it is currently inconceivable for any “European war mission” to be conducted without US-provided “software or systems” and the corresponding approval from Washington.
The paper argues, however, that European countries could free themselves from this dependence within a few years, provided there is sufficient political will and financing amounting to €500 billion over the first decade.
The authors conclude that such spending is financially feasible. The document identifies 10 specific “capability gaps,” including some areas already under development by German companies, such as the mass production of unmanned aerial vehicles and the deployment of satellite constellations.
The authors state that the path toward European “defense autonomy” lies in “mobilizing Germany’s financial and industrial resources.”
Europe advised to pursue a “change of course”
According to German Foreign Policy, the new “Sparta 2.0” report, addressed to “German and European decision-makers,” first identifies severe deficiencies in the current state of military development in Germany and Europe.
The report states that although European countries now invest an amount equivalent to 60% of the US military budget in their armed forces, they remain “militarily dependent on the US at every level.”
This dependence extends not only to individual weapons systems but also to the entire operational chain, from satellite-based reconnaissance to fire control and battlefield operations.
The text offers a blunt assessment: “Without US approval, software or systems, no European war mission is currently conceivable.”
According to the strategy paper, unless there is a genuine “change of course,” the gap between Europe’s financial contributions and its military capabilities will continue to widen in the coming years.
Yet such a “change of course” is entirely achievable, the report argues. Europe, which possesses the world’s second-largest defense budget along with a competitive industrial and technological base, already has all the necessary preconditions.
Europe’s military shortcomings laid bare
“Sparta 2.0” identifies 10 strategic capability gaps in which Europe’s dependencies are considered critical. According to the document, closing these gaps through the development of German or European capabilities is “a strategic necessity.”
In some cases, particularly in the German defense sector, relevant efforts are already underway.
This applies, for example, to scalable autonomous systems, the serial production of all types of drones, and air defense systems.
German companies are also working on establishing a European satellite constellation and producing small and medium-sized launch vehicles capable of putting satellites into orbit.
The development and production of long-range precision weapons has meanwhile been initiated through multinational cooperation.
Other elements, however, including the establishment of a resilient command-and-control system and the development of a sovereign European data and artificial intelligence infrastructure, remain lacking.
In addition to the 10 “capability gaps,” the authors point to other “bottlenecks,” such as ammunition shortages and problems in medical logistics.
These issues, the paper states, will need to be resolved within the existing framework of Europe’s armed forces and defense industry.
Germany as the core of European military power
“Sparta 2.0” provides concrete details regarding both timelines and costs.
For example, “significant progress toward independent European operational capability” is described as a realistic objective within three to five years. “Comprehensive autonomy,” meanwhile, could be achieved “in most areas” within five to 10 years.
The authors estimate the cost at €150 billion to €200 billion by 2030, while approximately €500 billion would be required over the decade needed to achieve comprehensive autonomy.
This amounts to roughly €50 billion annually. For EU member states together with the United Kingdom and Norway, this would represent slightly more than 0.25% of economic output, making it financially achievable, the report says.
The approach could be pursued within the framework of a “Coalition of the Willing,” involving, in practice, Central and Eastern European states, the Nordic countries, and “traditional partners” in Western Europe together with the United Kingdom.
The paper explicitly acknowledges that Germany has increased its military budget far more than other European countries.
As a result, “the path to European defense autonomy” also “inevitably involves mobilizing Germany’s financial and industrial resources.”
Germany is thus positioned as the core of a future European military power.
The authors’ ties to the arms industry
Four of the five authors behind the “Sparta 2.0” concept had already published an article in March 2025 calling for an independent German-European rearmament effort aimed at reducing reliance on the US.
The authors exemplify the increasingly close overlap between state institutions, leading think tanks, and the arms industry.
Reserve officer Thomas Enders, for example, became president of the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP) in 2019 after spending many years at the helm of aerospace and defense giant Airbus.
Former Deutsche Telekom CEO René Obermann currently serves as chairman of Airbus and is set to become chairman of the supervisory board of software company SAP next year. SAP has operated a Defense Innovation Center in Munich since February.
Jeanette zu Fürstenberg, a startup investor, serves as European head of Silicon Valley venture capital firm General Catalyst.
Moritz Schularick is president of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW).
The newest addition to the group of authors is Nico Lange, senior fellow at the Munich Security Conference.
Lange, Obermann and Schularick, together with retired Lieutenant General Jürgen-Joachim von Sandrart, also form an advisory group established specifically within the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs to support the growth of the security and defense industry.
Two of the five authors also maintain direct ties to Germany’s emerging drone industry. Fürstenberg was among the first investors in drone company Helsing, founded in 2021, while Enders has served on the company’s supervisory board since 2022.
One of Helsing’s three founders, Gundbert Scherf, was temporarily assigned to the Federal Ministry of Defense in 2014 while working as a consultant for McKinsey. Until 2016, he served under then-Minister Ursula von der Leyen as head of Strategic Armaments Management.
A Bundestag inquiry committee later examined the McKinsey networks that had been highly active during that period.
Helsing recently secured a contract together with Stark Defence to produce drones for the Bundeswehr, initially valued at €270 million and potentially expandable to €1.5 billion.
Among its other activities, Helsing is also involved in the development of the first combat drone manufactured in Germany.
The startup is preparing to launch a new funding round expected to raise €1.2 billion, more than any previous German startup financing round.
This would value Helsing at €18 billion, making it the most valuable startup in German history.
Helsing’s rival, Stark Defence, is also well connected in Berlin. The company’s senior vice president is retired Major Johannes Arlt, who served in the Bundestag for the SPD from 2021 to 2025 after holding various positions in the Bundeswehr and the Federal Ministry of Defense.
Marie Theres Niedermaier, previously a personal adviser on economic and financial policy at the Chancellery, also now works at Stark Defence.
Stark Defence likewise received an initial €270 million contract from the Bundeswehr for drone production.
The company also manufactures unmanned naval vessels and markets a command-and-weapons deployment system for all types of drones.
Europe
Fico accuses Merz of blackmail over threat to veto EU budget
Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico has hit back after German Chancellor Friedrich Merz threatened to veto the EU budget unless funding for Ukraine is secured.
Merz said he would block the EU’s seven-year budget if no agreement is reached on financial assistance for Ukraine.
The chancellor’s intervention has angered Central European leaders who are net beneficiaries of EU funds but do not want to take part in the next round of funding to support Ukraine’s war effort.
“What the chancellor is doing is typical blackmail, and I will not bow to it,” Fico told reporters in Bratislava.
Fico spoke alongside his Czech counterpart, Andrej Babiš, whose government has refused to participate in a future loan to Ukraine.
“I do not know why he said this,” Babiš said, referring to Merz’s stance.
Merz wants EU leaders to discuss Ukraine’s financing needs at a summit in Dublin on Friday.
In a letter to European Council President António Costa, who will chair the meeting, obtained by The Guardian, Merz wrote:
“We must maintain our support for Ukraine in its struggle to defend itself. This is our shared vital interest. Yet bilateral aid provided to Ukraine is distributed unevenly, with the burden shouldered mostly by only a few member states.”
The EU agreed last year to provide a €90 billion loan to Ukraine, intended to cover two-thirds of its military and civilian spending for 2026 and 2027.
Since then, however, Russia’s relentless bombardment has placed a heavier financial burden on Kyiv, prompting President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to ask for €70 billion to plug the budget deficit.
The EU has endorsed Zelenskyy’s figures and pledged to find €45 billion. Ukraine’s other allies, such as Britain and Canada, are expected to cover the rest.
Last year, Merz launched an initiative to tap €210 billion in frozen Russian state assets held in the EU, but the plan fell through due to opposition led by Belgium, which holds most of the funds in Brussels.
The €90 billion loan was the backup plan. Having opted out of that loan, Hungary, Slovakia, and Czechia indicated that they would not take part in the next round either.
Bulgaria joined these three member states following the election of Prime Minister Rumen Radev last April.
The question of funding for Ukraine is now spilling over into the fraught negotiations on the 2028-34 EU budget.
Germany, the largest net contributor, wants substantial cuts to the proposed budget and opposes the EU providing generous funding to member states that refuse to contribute to Ukraine’s financial needs.
Merz states in his letter that a “collective commitment without exceptions” is a “fundamental prerequisite” for closing Ukraine’s financing gap and for “discussing other matters, particularly those with financial implications.”
He also notes that, in the context of the EU’s next seven-year budget, known as the Multiannual Financial Framework, all member states must contribute to a “robust” financial perspective for Ukraine from 2028 onwards.
A German government official said:
“For the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) to be successfully concluded, it is vital that all EU member states provide financial support to Ukraine.”
Berlin is also aiming to shift decision-making on funding for Ukraine from unanimity to qualified majority voting, in an effort to prevent a single government from blocking EU decisions.
The letter reflects mounting frustration among the EU’s northern member states, Ukraine’s most generous backers, over lower contributions from other EU countries in Central and Southern Europe.
The task of brokering an agreement on the budget falls to Costa, the former Portuguese prime minister.
Costa wants a deal by the end of the year, ahead of elections in France, Poland, and Italy in 2027 that could complicate the process.
A spokesperson for Costa confirmed receipt of the letter without elaborating on details. “President Costa will dedicate time to the Ukraine issue at the informal European Council meeting in Dublin this week,” the spokesperson said, adding that funding for Ukraine would be addressed at a dedicated summit on the EU budget scheduled for 26-27 November.
Europe
EU expects next Israeli government to adopt less aggressive posture
The EU expects the next Israeli government to mend its “difficult relationship” with Brussels and adopt a more constructive approach toward Gaza and illegal settlements.
Israeli President Isaac Herzog tasked Gadi Eisenkot, the leader of the anti-Netanyahu bloc, on Sunday with forming a government.
Eisenkot stated that the country faces a “catastrophic diplomatic crisis” as traditional allies begin to reassess their relations with Israel.
Speaking to Rapporteur, several European diplomats stationed in Tel Aviv said they expect ties to get back on track.
“Whatever government comes in, we can try to revitalize relations because Israel is clearly a very important partner,” one European diplomat said, adding that Brussels expects the next administration to be “less aggressive”.
The diplomat noted that relations with Europe are currently “not very good”.
Israel cut off communication with Kaja Kallas, the EU high representative for foreign affairs and security policy, after Rapporteur revealed in June that she had compared Israel to apartheid-era South Africa during a visit to Mexico.
The diplomat stated that this decision, taken ahead of elections, was political in nature. A second European diplomat based in Brussels explained that the announcement came only a few days before an official visit by Dubravka Šuica, the European commissioner for the Mediterranean.
“This could have been interpreted as a tactic to divide Europe, but Israel had asked Kallas to deny the report; she did not do so,” the second diplomat said.
Brussels has repeatedly voiced its frustration with Israel over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the expansion of West Bank settlements.
However, EU governments blocked almost all sanctions proposed by the European Commission.
A third diplomat said opposition parties would “almost certainly take the issue more seriously” when it comes to tackling violence by West Bank settlers:
“We see Palestinians being expelled from their homes and new illegal settlements being built in the West Bank. There is a reluctance on the part of the current government to address this issue, which causes problems in our relations.”
The new government is expected to ease pressure on Palestinians and halt construction of the E1 settlement project, a controversial plan to build settler housing in the West Bank east of Jerusalem.
“They will probably try to deal with the problem of extremist settlers in the West Bank,” the diplomat added.
On Gaza, the diplomat described the situation as “a complete nightmare”, with two million Palestinians crowded into an area that accounts for roughly 35% of the territory.
“There are not enough tents for the winter, and not enough vaccines are reaching the area despite an increase in diseases,” the diplomat said.
The European official argued that Donald Trump’s peace plan met all the conditions for Europe. Although the EU had much to offer, neither the US nor Israel appeared interested in EU involvement in the process.
“We are currently training Palestinian police in the West Bank, and if permitted, we could do the same in Gaza,” the diplomat said.
The diplomat disclosed that Israel had agreed with Šuica that Europe would finance two projects aimed at improving sewage and water infrastructure in Gaza, continuing:
“However, none of these projects has started yet because there is a serious problem with dual-use goods. Getting materials into Gaza is very difficult because the Israelis say they could be misused if they fall into the wrong hands of Hamas.”
Israel insists that Hamas must be disarmed before subsequent phases of Trump’s plan can proceed.
With disarmament unlikely to happen in the near term, the EU argues that certain measures can be carried out in parallel.
“We can begin rebuilding sanitation systems in Gaza. We can start building desalination plants. We can begin providing energy and water to Gaza,” one diplomat said.
While Brussels hopes for progress on Gaza and the West Bank, it maintains that expectations regarding the establishment of a Palestinian state need to be “managed”.
The EU continues to advocate a two-state solution, yet most leading Jewish parties oppose the creation of a Palestinian state.
The diplomat noted that the next Israeli government will likely have “a very slim majority and not much room for manoeuvre”.
There is also a “major misunderstanding” between the EU and Israel that must be addressed. According to the diplomat, Europeans fail to recognize the “psychological impact” of 7 October on Israelis.
“This event changed the country and made the two-state solution even more distant than before,” the diplomat said.
In return, some Israeli politicians believe Europe has betrayed Israel despite what they view as a fight against “Islamist terrorism”.
“Their argument is that European politicians are somewhat afraid of the Muslim population in Europe,” the European diplomat said.
Europe strongly opposes Iran and the possibility of Tehran acquiring nuclear weapons, imposing sanctions in response.
However, the diplomat argued that the EU would not participate in a war because it lacks a common army:
“We are a diplomatic and economic power, which is why we resort to sanctions and diplomacy. The expectation that we would take part in a military operation is unrealistic.”
Europe
Germany threatens EU budget veto over long-term Ukraine aid
Germany has threatened to veto the European Union’s joint budget for the 2028-2034 period, which is currently under negotiation, unless every member state commits to providing financial support to Ukraine in 2027 and subsequent years, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz warned.
According to a report by the Financial Times (FT), Chancellor Merz set out Berlin’s condition for the budget talks in a letter addressed to European Council President António Costa.
In his letter, Merz wrote: “A collective commitment that every single one of us, without exception, will make a fair contribution to closing Ukraine’s budget deficit is an indispensable prerequisite for resolving this budget issue and, in particular, for addressing subsequent matters that carry financial implications.”
The German Chancellor stressed that a formula backed by all member states must be established to provide Ukraine with a reliable, multi-year financial perspective starting from 2028.
Merz also insisted that any agreed solution must cover the interest payments on debts incurred to finance the assistance provided to Kyiv.
Conversely, several countries within the bloc have cut financial aid to Ukraine, and the number of capitals adopting this stance is projected to rise next year.
In December 2025, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic approved the EU’s 90 billion euro loan package for Kyiv only on the condition that they would not contribute to its costs themselves.
Alongside these three countries, Bulgaria has also stated that it does not plan to participate in subsequent financial assistance packages for Ukraine.
In France, far-right leader Marine Le Pen, who could potentially win the presidential election scheduled for spring 2027, recently told the FT that Paris has run out of funds.
Le Pen assessed: “The honest approach is to tell Mr Zelensky clearly, and even warn him: ‘Look, we cannot do more. We have already allocated the 90 billion euro EU loan, in which France’s share amounts to 18 billion euros. 18 billion euros is genuinely a huge amount of money.'”
The EU’s 90 billion euro loan, covering the 2026-2027 period, aims to meet two-thirds of Ukraine’s financing requirements.
Brussels expects the remaining 45 billion euros to be covered by other partners, including Canada, the UK, Norway, Japan, South Korea, and Australia.
Germany remains the largest net contributor to the EU budget.
In contrast, the four Eastern European countries seeking to avoid financing Ukraine rank among the largest net beneficiaries of the bloc’s budget.
Leveraging this balance, Chancellor Merz aims to use his influence in the EU budget negotiations to secure uninterrupted support for Kyiv in 2027 and the years beyond.
According to the FT, Berlin is also demanding that future aid packages be decided by qualified majority voting rather than unanimity, which is required under the current system.
A German government spokesperson told the newspaper:
“The issue of Ukraine’s financial needs must be resolved within the framework of the next EU budget. Financial support for Ukraine from all EU members is decisive for the successful conclusion of the budget talks.”
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