European stock markets had their worst day in nine months as a wave of selling that began with fading hopes of a rapid cut in US interest rates spread across the globe.

Indices in Europe and Asia fell sharply, following steep falls on Wall Street on Monday after strong US retail sales figures showed the Federal Reserve may cut interest rates less this year than previously thought.

Across the region, the Stoxx Europe 600 fell 1.5 per cent, its biggest one-day drop since July last year. Energy groups, banks and miners represented in the commodity-heavy index led the declines in Europe, while London’s FTSE 100 fell 1.8 per cent, its worst day in nine months.

Wall Street’s benchmark S&P 500 index closed down 0.2 per cent, while the technology-heavy Nasdaq Composite fell 0.1 per cent after steeper falls in the previous session. On Friday and Monday, the S&P 500 recorded its worst two-day losing streak since the regional banking crisis in March 2002.

Hong Kong’s Hang Seng, South Korea’s Kospi and Japan’s Topix all lost more than 2%, while China’s CSI 300 fell 1.1%.

Emerging market currencies also weakened against the dollar on expectations of fewer US rate cuts, prompting intervention by Asian central banks such as Indonesia and South Korea.

As changing interest rate expectations hit currency markets, the Indonesian rupiah fell 2 per cent against the dollar to 16,176 rupiah, its lowest level in four years.

Bank Indonesia Governor Perry Warjiyo said on Tuesday that the central bank had stepped in to support the rupiah, which has fallen about 5 per cent this year and is one of Asia’s worst-performing currencies.

The Indian rupee also fell 0.2 per cent against the dollar to a record low of 83.64 rupees, while the Malaysian ringgit traded near a 26-year low, down 0.3 per cent, a day after the country’s central bank said it would “manage risks from increased financial market volatility”.

The Korean won also fell 0.9 per cent to a 17-month low, and the finance ministry and the Bank of Korea said in a joint statement on Tuesday that they were ‘closely monitoring foreign exchange movements and supply and demand with special attention’.

The Swiss parliament has rejected a government proposal to join the US-led sanctions task force against Russia, saying it was sufficient to cooperate with the body as an independent party.

The committee of G7 countries is tasked with freezing and seizing Russian assets that fall under sanctions imposed by the European Union and the United States over the war in Ukraine.

Switzerland has so far resisted pressure to formally join the task force, saying it was already in regular contact with the group and that cooperation was working well.

On Wednesday, MPs voted 101-80 against the Greens’ proposal, parliament said in a statement. The bill said Switzerland, “as a custodian of Russian assets and the main centre of Russian commodity trade”, bore a special responsibility for the effectiveness of sanctions.

A spokesman for the economy ministry told Bloomberg it welcomed the parliament’s decision as it confirmed the government’s position.

Sanctions are a hot topic in traditionally neutral Switzerland, where the government is caught between international and domestic pressure. Groups opposed to weakening neutrality, including the People’s Party, recently collected enough signatures to force a vote on adding a permanent non-alignment stance to the constitution.

This would also prohibit the government from participating in any sanctions regime.

The European Commission has sided with ‘fiscally conservative’ governments, led by Germany, in resisting calls to finance spending through more borrowing and to attach new conditions to the hundreds of billions of euros it gives to the European Union’s poorest countries.

In effect, this marks the end of an era of “free money”, when the bloc’s huge post-pandemic rescue fund was made up of shared debt rather than national contributions, and EU funds for things like new roads, hospitals and renewable energy projects were mostly channelled to eastern and southern European countries without them having to do anything in return.

The Commission, which is responsible for managing the EU’s seven-year, €1.2 trillion budget, funded mainly by member states, has started thinking about the model from 2028.

Questions will multiply as countries negotiate how much money to allocate to different programmes. The Commission will make a formal proposal in the summer of 2025, which must be unanimously approved by governments before the end of 2027.

Common pool mechanism set up during pandemic

Since the start of the last seven-year cycle, the EU has built up a €723 billion post-pandemic emergency fund, which for the first time in the bloc’s history is based on pooling borrowing on behalf of 27 countries rather than government contributions, adding to the complexity this time around.

According to two senior Commission officials who spoke to POLITICO on condition of anonymity, many EU countries, especially the most indebted, want the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) to be replicated after it expires in 2026 to create an “investment fund,” while the Commission opposes that.

To make matters worse for some poorer countries, the Commission wants to extend the ‘cash for reforms’ model of the bailout fund to the current ‘cohesion policy’, which aims to reduce the gap between rich and poor regions and accounts for around a quarter of the total budget.

Germany and the Netherlands strongly opposed to joint borrowing

The EU executive has shied away from the idea of setting up such an investment fund to finance defence and green spending in the coming years because of opposition from fiscally conservative countries such as Germany and the Netherlands. But debt-ridden capitals fear that shelving the RRF would lead to a huge shortfall in spending on long-term projects.

Although the Commission does not have the final say on the shape of the next EU budget, its proposal will serve as a basis for negotiations between capitals. The most sensitive policy decisions, such as whether to set up a new investment fund, will depend on the outcome of the European Parliament elections in June and the composition of the new executive.

All funds to be given in return for ‘reform’

The Commission believes that the Cohesion Fund could be used as a tool to push governments to reform a range of issues that have been lagging behind for years, including pensions and democratic standards.

This would mean a change from the current model, where funds are disbursed on the basis of agreed criteria, rather than as a ‘carrot’ for meeting specific targets.

This would allow the Commission to continue implementing reforms across the EU without incurring new debt or significantly increasing its budget.

The difference between the two funds is crucial

There is an important overlap between the projects financed by the RRF and the Cohesion Fund. Both funds allocate a significant share to poor countries such as Portugal in the west or Bulgaria in the east.

But officials point out that there are differences between the two. “Cohesion funding should be a long-term development approach, involving local and regional partners,” EU Cohesion Commissioner Elisa Ferreira told POLITICO. All these elements may not be present in emergency instruments like the RRF,” she said.

Commission officials acknowledge they will have a hard time selling the new cohesion model to poorer member states.

One official said countries that currently struggle to use cohesion funds would not welcome stricter rules and a tighter link to reforms.