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Rheinmetall opens Germany’s largest ammunition factory amid rearmament push

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German arms giant Rheinmetall is opening the country’s largest ammunition factory, which will also rank as the second-largest in Europe.

Rheinmetall has emerged as the biggest winner of the massive rearmament program launched by the federal government in 2022 and now being intensified on an unprecedented scale.

The company’s revenue rose from €6.4 billion in 2022 to €9.8 billion in 2024, according to CEO Armin Papperger, and could reach €40–50 billion by 2030. This trajectory would place Rheinmetall in the top tier of global defense manufacturers. By comparison, the world’s two largest defense companies, Lockheed Martin and RTX, generated defense revenues of about $61 billion and $41 billion respectively in 2023.

Earlier this month, Papperger declared that “Rheinmetall is on its way to becoming a global defense champion.” Under his leadership, the Düsseldorf-based arms manufacturer has seen a steady increase in order volume, which now stands at a record €63 billion.

The company’s civilian business, however, is struggling. Rheinmetall once maintained an automotive supply division to balance fluctuations in its defense operations. Some facilities previously used for civilian purposes have now been converted to military production, while non-military plants unsuitable for arms manufacturing are being considered for sale.

New plant to produce components for Leopard 2

The new facility in Unterlüß, Lower Saxony, officially opening on August 27, will be Rheinmetall’s largest site, employing around 3,200 people.

The group currently operates 174 plants in more than 30 countries with about 40,000 employees, a figure expected to rise to roughly 70,000 within the next two to three years.

At Unterlüß, Rheinmetall produces a wide range of munitions as well as key components for the Leopard 2 main battle tank, the Panzerhaubitze 2000 self-propelled howitzer, and the Puma infantry fighting vehicle. The site is also involved in developing the new Panther KF51 main battle tank, seen as the potential successor to the Leopard 2.

By the end of this year, the new factory is expected to produce tens of thousands of NATO-standard 155mm artillery shells. By 2027, annual output will reach about 350,000 shells—five times Rheinmetall’s total production in 2022, which stood at 70,000.

Unterlüß will be Rheinmetall’s second-largest ammunition plant. The largest, Rheinmetall Expal Munitions in Spain, can produce up to 450,000 shells annually. Supported by additional plants in Italy, South Africa, and the United States, the company aims to manufacture 1.5 million 155mm shells per year by 2027.

Expanding across Europe

To meet this goal, Rheinmetall is building new factories not only in Germany but also in other European countries.

Facilities in Hungary and Lithuania are scheduled to begin production in 2026. In addition, the company has announced over €1 billion in investments for new plants in Ukraine and Bulgaria, including Europe’s largest gunpowder factory.

Commenting on the scale of the munitions business, Papperger pointed out that NATO members are required to maintain a 30-day wartime ammunition reserve: “For just 30 days, we need about 300 rounds per weapon per day. With 5,000 weapons, that amounts to 45 million artillery shells.”

Beyond ammunition, Rheinmetall and the entire defense sector expect a significant rise in demand across European NATO countries following the alliance’s decision to dedicate 5% of output to defense. The steepest increase is anticipated in Germany, where large-scale rearmament is being financed by new debt. Papperger foresees an order potential of up to €300 billion by 2030.

Massive Bundeswehr budget whets industry appetite

The German government’s plans to substantially increase the military budget are already well known.

The Bundeswehr’s budget for this year has risen by about 20% to €62.4 billion, with an additional €24 billion from a special investment fund.

Plans for 2026 envisage €82.7 billion in spending, plus €25.5 billion from the “special fund.” In 2027, the last year in which the fund can be used, the budget is projected at €93.4 billion, rising to about €136.5 billion in 2028 and €152.8 billion in 2029. These figures exclude military infrastructure expenditures, expected to reach around €70 billion by 2029.

According to the current federal financial plan, total government spending will exceed €572 billion by 2029, with defense accounting for 26.7%. To finance this, net borrowing is expected to climb to €126.9 billion in 2029—more than 50% higher than in 2025.

Nevertheless, Finance Minister Lars Klingbeil has acknowledged major funding gaps: €34 billion in 2027, €64 billion in 2028, and €74 billion in 2029.

CDU-SPD push welfare cuts to fund militarization

In Berlin, debates are intensifying over dramatic social spending cuts needed to fund unprecedented rearmament.

Last weekend, Chancellor Friedrich Merz argued that “the welfare state as we know it today is no longer financially sustainable” and that sharp cuts—framed as “reforms”—are unavoidable. He added: “Talk of social cuts and sharp reductions does not bother me.”

CDU General Secretary Carsten Linnemann also called for a “paradigm shift,” claiming the welfare state had become unaffordable.

Within the governing coalition, there is widespread discussion of a coming “reform autumn.” SPD federal chairman and Vice Chancellor Lars Klingbeil has not fundamentally challenged the premise, insisting instead that the government must “address social security systems.” He stressed, however, that savings should not come only from welfare spending, calling for higher contributions from the wealthiest individuals.

State pressure grows against anti-war movements

While preparing “social cuts,” the federal government is also tightening pressure on those opposing billions in rearmament.

In Cologne, activists running an anti-war campaign under the slogan “Disarm Rheinmetall; against arms exports, militarization, and war” were forced to defend their right to assembly and protest after authorities sought to ban their camp.

Officials argued that the activists’ slogan “War against war” implied “combating militarization with militant methods.” The ban was eventually overturned by the Higher Administrative Court of North Rhine-Westphalia in Münster.

“War against War” is the title of a 1919 poem by writer and anti-war activist Kurt Tucholsky, who described the horrors of trench warfare (“blood, crushed bones, and filth”) and lamented the absence of resistance (“no one dares to rebel”). He concluded with a warning: “This cannot go on, and it must not go on. We have all seen where such madness leads.”

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Fico accuses Merz of blackmail over threat to veto EU budget

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Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico has hit back after German Chancellor Friedrich Merz threatened to veto the EU budget unless funding for Ukraine is secured.

Merz said he would block the EU’s seven-year budget if no agreement is reached on financial assistance for Ukraine.

The chancellor’s intervention has angered Central European leaders who are net beneficiaries of EU funds but do not want to take part in the next round of funding to support Ukraine’s war effort.

“What the chancellor is doing is typical blackmail, and I will not bow to it,” Fico told reporters in Bratislava.

Fico spoke alongside his Czech counterpart, Andrej Babiš, whose government has refused to participate in a future loan to Ukraine.

“I do not know why he said this,” Babiš said, referring to Merz’s stance.

Merz wants EU leaders to discuss Ukraine’s financing needs at a summit in Dublin on Friday.

In a letter to European Council President António Costa, who will chair the meeting, obtained by The Guardian, Merz wrote:

“We must maintain our support for Ukraine in its struggle to defend itself. This is our shared vital interest. Yet bilateral aid provided to Ukraine is distributed unevenly, with the burden shouldered mostly by only a few member states.”

The EU agreed last year to provide a €90 billion loan to Ukraine, intended to cover two-thirds of its military and civilian spending for 2026 and 2027.

Since then, however, Russia’s relentless bombardment has placed a heavier financial burden on Kyiv, prompting President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to ask for €70 billion to plug the budget deficit.

The EU has endorsed Zelenskyy’s figures and pledged to find €45 billion. Ukraine’s other allies, such as Britain and Canada, are expected to cover the rest.

Last year, Merz launched an initiative to tap €210 billion in frozen Russian state assets held in the EU, but the plan fell through due to opposition led by Belgium, which holds most of the funds in Brussels.

The €90 billion loan was the backup plan. Having opted out of that loan, Hungary, Slovakia, and Czechia indicated that they would not take part in the next round either.

Bulgaria joined these three member states following the election of Prime Minister Rumen Radev last April.

The question of funding for Ukraine is now spilling over into the fraught negotiations on the 2028-34 EU budget.

Germany, the largest net contributor, wants substantial cuts to the proposed budget and opposes the EU providing generous funding to member states that refuse to contribute to Ukraine’s financial needs.

Merz states in his letter that a “collective commitment without exceptions” is a “fundamental prerequisite” for closing Ukraine’s financing gap and for “discussing other matters, particularly those with financial implications.”

He also notes that, in the context of the EU’s next seven-year budget, known as the Multiannual Financial Framework, all member states must contribute to a “robust” financial perspective for Ukraine from 2028 onwards.

A German government official said:

“For the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) to be successfully concluded, it is vital that all EU member states provide financial support to Ukraine.”

Berlin is also aiming to shift decision-making on funding for Ukraine from unanimity to qualified majority voting, in an effort to prevent a single government from blocking EU decisions.

The letter reflects mounting frustration among the EU’s northern member states, Ukraine’s most generous backers, over lower contributions from other EU countries in Central and Southern Europe.

The task of brokering an agreement on the budget falls to Costa, the former Portuguese prime minister.

Costa wants a deal by the end of the year, ahead of elections in France, Poland, and Italy in 2027 that could complicate the process.

A spokesperson for Costa confirmed receipt of the letter without elaborating on details. “President Costa will dedicate time to the Ukraine issue at the informal European Council meeting in Dublin this week,” the spokesperson said, adding that funding for Ukraine would be addressed at a dedicated summit on the EU budget scheduled for 26-27 November.

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EU expects next Israeli government to adopt less aggressive posture

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The EU expects the next Israeli government to mend its “difficult relationship” with Brussels and adopt a more constructive approach toward Gaza and illegal settlements.

Israeli President Isaac Herzog tasked Gadi Eisenkot, the leader of the anti-Netanyahu bloc, on Sunday with forming a government.

Eisenkot stated that the country faces a “catastrophic diplomatic crisis” as traditional allies begin to reassess their relations with Israel.

Speaking to Rapporteur, several European diplomats stationed in Tel Aviv said they expect ties to get back on track.

“Whatever government comes in, we can try to revitalize relations because Israel is clearly a very important partner,” one European diplomat said, adding that Brussels expects the next administration to be “less aggressive”.

The diplomat noted that relations with Europe are currently “not very good”.

Israel cut off communication with Kaja Kallas, the EU high representative for foreign affairs and security policy, after Rapporteur revealed in June that she had compared Israel to apartheid-era South Africa during a visit to Mexico.

The diplomat stated that this decision, taken ahead of elections, was political in nature. A second European diplomat based in Brussels explained that the announcement came only a few days before an official visit by Dubravka Šuica, the European commissioner for the Mediterranean.

“This could have been interpreted as a tactic to divide Europe, but Israel had asked Kallas to deny the report; she did not do so,” the second diplomat said.

Brussels has repeatedly voiced its frustration with Israel over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the expansion of West Bank settlements.

However, EU governments blocked almost all sanctions proposed by the European Commission.

A third diplomat said opposition parties would “almost certainly take the issue more seriously” when it comes to tackling violence by West Bank settlers:

“We see Palestinians being expelled from their homes and new illegal settlements being built in the West Bank. There is a reluctance on the part of the current government to address this issue, which causes problems in our relations.”

The new government is expected to ease pressure on Palestinians and halt construction of the E1 settlement project, a controversial plan to build settler housing in the West Bank east of Jerusalem.

“They will probably try to deal with the problem of extremist settlers in the West Bank,” the diplomat added.

On Gaza, the diplomat described the situation as “a complete nightmare”, with two million Palestinians crowded into an area that accounts for roughly 35% of the territory.

“There are not enough tents for the winter, and not enough vaccines are reaching the area despite an increase in diseases,” the diplomat said.

The European official argued that Donald Trump’s peace plan met all the conditions for Europe. Although the EU had much to offer, neither the US nor Israel appeared interested in EU involvement in the process.

“We are currently training Palestinian police in the West Bank, and if permitted, we could do the same in Gaza,” the diplomat said.

The diplomat disclosed that Israel had agreed with Šuica that Europe would finance two projects aimed at improving sewage and water infrastructure in Gaza, continuing:

“However, none of these projects has started yet because there is a serious problem with dual-use goods. Getting materials into Gaza is very difficult because the Israelis say they could be misused if they fall into the wrong hands of Hamas.”

Israel insists that Hamas must be disarmed before subsequent phases of Trump’s plan can proceed.

With disarmament unlikely to happen in the near term, the EU argues that certain measures can be carried out in parallel.

“We can begin rebuilding sanitation systems in Gaza. We can start building desalination plants. We can begin providing energy and water to Gaza,” one diplomat said.

While Brussels hopes for progress on Gaza and the West Bank, it maintains that expectations regarding the establishment of a Palestinian state need to be “managed”.

The EU continues to advocate a two-state solution, yet most leading Jewish parties oppose the creation of a Palestinian state.

The diplomat noted that the next Israeli government will likely have “a very slim majority and not much room for manoeuvre”.

There is also a “major misunderstanding” between the EU and Israel that must be addressed. According to the diplomat, Europeans fail to recognize the “psychological impact” of 7 October on Israelis.

“This event changed the country and made the two-state solution even more distant than before,” the diplomat said.

In return, some Israeli politicians believe Europe has betrayed Israel despite what they view as a fight against “Islamist terrorism”.

“Their argument is that European politicians are somewhat afraid of the Muslim population in Europe,” the European diplomat said.

Europe strongly opposes Iran and the possibility of Tehran acquiring nuclear weapons, imposing sanctions in response.

However, the diplomat argued that the EU would not participate in a war because it lacks a common army:

“We are a diplomatic and economic power, which is why we resort to sanctions and diplomacy. The expectation that we would take part in a military operation is unrealistic.”

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Germany threatens EU budget veto over long-term Ukraine aid

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Germany has threatened to veto the European Union’s joint budget for the 2028-2034 period, which is currently under negotiation, unless every member state commits to providing financial support to Ukraine in 2027 and subsequent years, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz warned.

According to a report by the Financial Times (FT), Chancellor Merz set out Berlin’s condition for the budget talks in a letter addressed to European Council President António Costa.

In his letter, Merz wrote: “A collective commitment that every single one of us, without exception, will make a fair contribution to closing Ukraine’s budget deficit is an indispensable prerequisite for resolving this budget issue and, in particular, for addressing subsequent matters that carry financial implications.”

The German Chancellor stressed that a formula backed by all member states must be established to provide Ukraine with a reliable, multi-year financial perspective starting from 2028.

Merz also insisted that any agreed solution must cover the interest payments on debts incurred to finance the assistance provided to Kyiv.

Conversely, several countries within the bloc have cut financial aid to Ukraine, and the number of capitals adopting this stance is projected to rise next year.

In December 2025, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic approved the EU’s 90 billion euro loan package for Kyiv only on the condition that they would not contribute to its costs themselves.

Alongside these three countries, Bulgaria has also stated that it does not plan to participate in subsequent financial assistance packages for Ukraine.

In France, far-right leader Marine Le Pen, who could potentially win the presidential election scheduled for spring 2027, recently told the FT that Paris has run out of funds.

Le Pen assessed: “The honest approach is to tell Mr Zelensky clearly, and even warn him: ‘Look, we cannot do more. We have already allocated the 90 billion euro EU loan, in which France’s share amounts to 18 billion euros. 18 billion euros is genuinely a huge amount of money.'”

The EU’s 90 billion euro loan, covering the 2026-2027 period, aims to meet two-thirds of Ukraine’s financing requirements.

Brussels expects the remaining 45 billion euros to be covered by other partners, including Canada, the UK, Norway, Japan, South Korea, and Australia.

Germany remains the largest net contributor to the EU budget.

In contrast, the four Eastern European countries seeking to avoid financing Ukraine rank among the largest net beneficiaries of the bloc’s budget.

Leveraging this balance, Chancellor Merz aims to use his influence in the EU budget negotiations to secure uninterrupted support for Kyiv in 2027 and the years beyond.

According to the FT, Berlin is also demanding that future aid packages be decided by qualified majority voting rather than unanimity, which is required under the current system.

A German government spokesperson told the newspaper:

“The issue of Ukraine’s financial needs must be resolved within the framework of the next EU budget. Financial support for Ukraine from all EU members is decisive for the successful conclusion of the budget talks.”

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