Europe
Who are the winners of the 2022 Nobel Peace Prize?
On October 7, the Nobel Committee has named Belarusian lawyer and activist Ales Bialiatski and Russian Memorial Center and Ukrainian Center for Civil Liberties as the winners of this year’s Nobel Peace Prize.
History of Memorial Center
The Memorial Center was established in August 1987 in Moscow with the claim of commemorate “the victims of Soviet-era oppression”. Then similar groups emerged in other parts of the USSR.
On 28-30 January 1989, Memorial was named “All-Union Voluntary History and Education Society Memorial” at a conference in Moscow. Their goal was to “preserve and keep the memory of the victims of Stalinism alive”, “to help to the victims of oppression” and “to erect memorial sites and restore historical monuments for the victims of Soviet terrorism in Moscow and on the territory of the USSR.”
One of the founders and the first president of the organization was also a Nobel laureate academician Andrei Sakharov. Sakharov is known for his speech at the Congress of People’s Deputies in 1989, in which he praised the Afghan mujahideen.
Memorial engaged in building a database for the “victims of political oppression” of the Soviet era and conducted various charitable programs.
On April 19, 1992, two separate legal entities named Memorial – International Historical and Educational, Charity and Human Rights Society and Memorial Human Rights Center (HRC) were established in Moscow.
In 2014, under Russia’s “Foreign Agent” Law, Memorial Human Rights Center was added to the list of organizations that are financed from abroad. International Historical and Educational, Charity and Human Rights Society was also included in the list in 2016.
Memorial was liquidated in December last year for violating relevant legislation. The benefactors of the organization include the Open Society Foundation, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the German Heinrich Böll Foundation.
Ukraine’s Center for Civil Liberties
Ukraine’s Center for Civil Liberties (CCL) was established on 30 May 2007. Its headquarters are in Kiev. The Center describes its mission as the establishment of “human rights, democracy, and solidarity” in Ukraine and the introduction of European values “in the OSCE region”.
During the Maidan coup in 2014, CCL lawyers represented the detained protesters. Activities of Ukrainian law enforcement, courts, and local self-government are also in the scope of CCL’s efforts.
Since August 2020, the organization has been gathering information about “human rights violations”, offering support for the color revolution attempt in Belarus.
CCL, and several other Ukrainian NGOs, are among the members of the European-scale CivilMPlus platform. The aim of the platform is given as “promoting the unification of civil initiatives” for the reintegration of Donetsk and Luhansk into Ukraine.
Among the benefactors of CCL is the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), which is widely referred to as the “shadow CIA”.
Ales Bialiatski
Ales Bialiatski was born on 25 September 1962, in Karelia, to a Belarusian family. He moved to Belarus with his family in 1965. He graduated from the philology department of Gomel State University in 1984 and received a PhD from the Belarusian Academy of Sciences in 1989. He was one of the founding members of NGOs such as “Martyrology of Belarus” (1988) and the “Belarusian Catholic Community” (1990).
In 1996, he founded and led the human rights organization “Viasna-96”. Later, he led the Working Group of the Assembly of Democratic NGOs (2000–2004) and was vice-president of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH; 2007-2016).
In August 2011, Bialiatski was arrested under charges of tax evasion. Bialiatski’s arrest was condemned by European Union countries, the European Parliament, and international human rights organizations.
On 23 November 2011, the Belarusian courts sentenced Bialistski to 4 years and 6 months in prison for confiscation of property. The decision was condemned by the EU countries and the United States, prominent international human rights organizations. He was released on 21 June 2014.
He continued his activities after being released. He became a member of the Coordination Council of opposition established after the color revolution attempts that started in Belarus after the 2020 presidency.
He is in detention since July 2021 and has been charged with financing smuggling and organized crime, which has largely violated public order.
Europe
EIB to unveil 15 billion euro tech initiative to scale European startups
The European Investment Bank (EIB) will announce a €15 billion initiative today, in collaboration with EU capitals and private investors, aimed at supporting the growth of European technology companies.
For decades, startups on the continent have struggled to raise the large-scale funding rounds necessary to scale on this side of the Atlantic, frequently turning to US investors or relocating abroad as they expand.
“We are catching up. Now we need to accelerate,” EIB President Nadia Calviño said.
Under the existing European Tech Champions Initiative, the EIB had already pooled resources with six EU governments to establish funds that invest in high-growth companies across the EU.
Calviño described the initiative as “very successful,” noting that it has supported 12 European “unicorn” companies valued at over $1 billion, including the German artificial intelligence translation firm DeepL.
The bank is now expanding the program with a new phase nearly four times the size of the original.
Twenty-five EU governments, alongside private investors such as Santander and Danske Bank, are expected to participate in the program.
This initial €15 billion aims to mobilize up to €80 billion in total investment. Calviño stated that this estimate is based on the multiplier effects achieved under previous programs.
As part of these efforts, the EIB also aims to attract European pension funds, which manage immense pools of capital but have historically allocated fewer resources to technology investments compared to their US counterparts.
In addition to the new funding, Calviño noted that the EIB will create a platform providing a single point of access for existing European scale-up initiatives, including the European Commission’s Scaleup Europe Fund, France’s Tibi initiative, and Germany’s Win initiative.
Europe
Germany to purchase US Tomahawk missiles to build own long-range strike capability
Germany will purchase Tomahawk cruise missiles from the United States and deploy them on German territory, Chancellor Friedrich Merz announced on Thursday.
The move marks a shift away from planned US deployments and toward Germany establishing its own long-range strike capability.
Merz told lawmakers that he finalized the agreement with the US government during the NATO summit in Ankara, adding that the talks held on Tuesday and Wednesday had exceeded his expectations.
“While we close a critical strategic gap in our defense, we are also working to develop our own European systems and deploy them in Europe,” the Chancellor said.
According to German government sources, Washington committed in a letter of intent signed on Tuesday to approve Germany’s acquisition of Tomahawk missiles and their land-based Typhon launchers in August.
The number of missiles and launchers Germany plans to purchase was not disclosed because the information is classified.
The planned acquisition appears aligned with US President Donald Trump’s pressure on European allies to cover their own security costs, such as by purchasing US weapons.
The fate of the Tomahawk procurement had become uncertain after Trump announced in May that he would reduce the US military presence in Germany.
That development was seen as a cancellation of a plan made under the previous administration to deploy a US battalion equipped with long-range Tomahawk missiles to Germany.
That original plan was designed as a temporary solution to serve as a strong deterrent against Russia while Europeans developed their own versions of such weapons.
Germany produces its own cruise missile, the Taurus, but its range of approximately 311 miles is three to five times shorter than that of the Tomahawk missiles.
Europe
Apple loses EU court appeal over Digital Markets Act gatekeeper designation
The General Court of the European Union has rejected Apple’s challenges against its “gatekeeper” status designated under the Digital Markets Act (DMA).
With this ruling, the company’s designated status for the App Store and iOS remains valid, while its applications regarding iMessage were also rejected.
Apple had argued that the five separate App Stores it operates for the iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac, and Apple TV should be evaluated as distinct, individual services.
The court rejected this argument, ruling that these stores serve a common purpose of connecting developers and users, regardless of the specific device.
The court also dismissed Apple’s defense that the DMA’s interoperability obligations violate its fundamental rights.
However, it did not conduct a substantive assessment on the legality of this obligation, stating that a direct legal link could not be established between the regulation in question and the determination of “gatekeeper” status.
Following the ruling, Apple argued that the obligations under the DMA “exceed the boundaries of legality and proportionality.” The company asserted that the new rules jeopardize the work it has carried out for years to ensure user privacy and security.
Apple retains the right to appeal the decision, though a company spokesperson did not comment on whether there are plans to do so.
Apple previously declared that DMA rules prevented the launch of the updated version of Siri in Europe, resulting in European users being unable to benefit from the service.
In force in the European Union since 2024, the DMA covers a total of 22 services and products belonging to Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft.
The regulation obliges these companies to share certain data with competitors, provide access to user-generated data, and offer verification tools to advertising partners.
Additionally, it prohibits platforms from engaging in anti-competitive practices that favor their own products. Companies failing to comply with the rules face fines of up to 10% of their global turnover, which can rise to 20% in cases of repeated violations.
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