Europe
EU divided over legality of Israel’s strike on Iran
Not all EU member states agree that Israel’s recent strike on Iran was in accordance with international law. These divisions were highlighted by ambassadors who met in Brussels on Thursday ahead of next week’s summit.
According to sources from Euronews, disagreements over the justification for Israel’s attack on Iran last Friday have surfaced among ambassadors in Brussels, hindering the EU’s efforts to formulate a unified response to the crisis.
“This is definitely a topic of discussion,” one source said. “The extent to which the right to self-defense is acceptable is being debated.”
In a statement on Saturday, the EU had called on “all parties to respect international law, show restraint, and avoid actions that could lead to severe consequences, such as a potential radioactive leak.”
No agreement on “Israel’s right to self-defense”
Sources close to the discussions revealed that a significant portion of the negotiations among member states focused on whether the EU should use the phrase “Israel has the right to self-defense” in the context of its strikes against Iran.
Approximately 15 member states, including Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and the Netherlands, pushed for the inclusion of this phrase, but unanimity could not be reached.
Other countries believe there is insufficient evidence to support the claim that Israel has the right to launch an attack against Iran under international law. According to international law and the UN Charter, a state may exercise its right to self-defense in the event of an armed attack or the threat of one, and any necessary measures must be proportional.
Israel has stated that it conducted a series of preemptive strikes to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons.
A draft of the summit conclusions seen by Euronews contains no statement on the European Council’s position regarding the Israel-Iran conflict.
Von der Leyen’s stance surprises some countries
Meanwhile, EU sources told Euronews they were “surprised” by Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s tweet, which seemed to offer tacit support for Israel’s attacks on Tehran.
Her message went further than the agreed-upon statement from the European Council, the EU body responsible for conducting foreign policy.
“I spoke with President Herzog about the escalating situation in the Middle East,” Ursula von der Leyen tweeted. “I reiterated Israel’s right to defend itself and protect its people.”
Another diplomatic source speaking to Euronews noted, “There was no consensus that Israel has the right to self-defense, but von der Leyen said it anyway. She saw the agreed-upon text and then made her own statement. Frankly, it was very disappointing.”
The same source argued that countries like Iran, “no matter how bad they are,” will not “simply bow down” when attacked in this manner. They also warned that even if there were a regime change in Iran, what follows could be “much worse.”
“And then, when two or three million Iranians show up at Europe’s doorstep, they will say we cannot handle this migration crisis,” the source added.
Another diplomat mentioned that member states critical of Israel believe its strikes on Iran were irresponsible, although a large group agreed with von der Leyen’s statement.
Kaja Kallas calls for de-escalation
When asked whether their governments considered the conflict against Iran to be within the provisions of international law, the diplomat replied, “That is a legal question; there is no decision yet.”
Mohamed ElBaradei, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), stated in a post on X that Israel’s “suspicions do not constitute an imminent threat” and that its attack on nuclear facilities was illegal under international law.
Meanwhile, Kaja Kallas, the EU’s High Representative for Foreign Affairs, reiterated the EU’s official position in favor of a diplomatic resolution to the Israel-Iran conflict. Calling on all parties to “respect international law and de-escalate,” Kallas also wrote on Twitter on Wednesday, “Israel has the right to defend itself in accordance with international law.”
Three major European powers to meet with Iran
The three major European powers—Germany, France, and the United Kingdom—announced they will hold a meeting with Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi in Geneva today (June 20).
Among the three major Western European powers, Germany has been the most vocal in its support for Israel, stating that the offensive against Iran falls under the “right to self-defense.” Chancellor Merz even said that in the war, which has claimed over 500 lives as of yesterday, Israel is “doing all of our dirty work.”
Merz rejects all claims that the invasion is a clear violation of international law. In an interview at the G7 summit in Kananaskis, Canada, on Tuesday, he expressed “great respect for the Israeli army” and “respect for the Israeli leadership that showed the courage to do this.”
Berlin’s position aligns with that of the US and Israel. In fact, Israel’s Ambassador to Germany, Ron Prosor, openly defended the words used by Merz (“dirty work”), stating that the chancellor “clearly expressed the realities in the Middle East with his choice of words.”
While the EU remains divided, French President Emmanuel Macron continues his efforts to persuade Iran to sign a new nuclear deal. French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot has scheduled a meeting in Geneva today. The meeting will be attended by Johann Wadephul from Germany and David Lammy from the UK, as well as Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi. EU High Representative Kaja Kallas has also been invited.
Merz allegedly urged Netanyahu to “soften attacks”
According to a Reuters report, Chancellor Friedrich Merz held a phone call with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, urging “restraint” in Israel’s military campaign against Iran.
The source indicated that during the call on Wednesday evening, Merz stated that Germany supports Israel’s military strikes on Iran’s nuclear infrastructure in principle but emphasized the importance of finding a diplomatic solution to the conflict.
Sources also reported that Merz and Netanyahu discussed the situation in Gaza during the phone call. The German government has called on Israel to adhere to “international law” in its war in Gaza, where tens of thousands of civilians have been killed and aid restrictions have exacerbated the humanitarian crisis.
In a separate conversation, Merz agreed with the Emir of Qatar that the conflict should not spread to the wider region, pointing to the Geneva talks in this context.
Trump’s hesitation could open a window for Europe
Some believe that US President Donald Trump’s ambivalent stance on a US attack on Iran could work to Europe’s advantage.
“Something is holding Trump back,” a European diplomat told POLITICO.
The diplomat pointed out that although Trump has said the US is ready to join Israel’s military strikes, nothing has happened so far. “There is an opportunity here,” the diplomat said, adding, “We should not underestimate how much Trump hates war.”
John Sawers, former head of Britain’s foreign intelligence service, MI6, said Trump would prefer that Israel not initiate a direct war with Iran.
“Here was an opportunity that Trump really didn’t want,” Sawers said at a conference hosted by the Chatham House think tank in London.
“Just a week ago, he had called on Israel to give more time for negotiations, but Netanyahu refused, and Trump basically went along with Israel’s approach,” Sawers said. He added that Israel has now put the world in a situation that “enrages Iran,” and it would be better for the US to step in to finish the job.
However, other well-connected officials and diplomats in the E3 do not share this view, fearing that direct US involvement could escalate the conflict into a full-scale regional war.
According to an official from one of the E3 countries, the goal of restarting negotiations with Iran was to secure a guarantee that Tehran would use its nuclear program for civilian purposes only. “The negotiations were at that exact point… but they were derailed by Israel’s actions,” the official said.
Europe
Fico accuses Merz of blackmail over threat to veto EU budget
Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico has hit back after German Chancellor Friedrich Merz threatened to veto the EU budget unless funding for Ukraine is secured.
Merz said he would block the EU’s seven-year budget if no agreement is reached on financial assistance for Ukraine.
The chancellor’s intervention has angered Central European leaders who are net beneficiaries of EU funds but do not want to take part in the next round of funding to support Ukraine’s war effort.
“What the chancellor is doing is typical blackmail, and I will not bow to it,” Fico told reporters in Bratislava.
Fico spoke alongside his Czech counterpart, Andrej Babiš, whose government has refused to participate in a future loan to Ukraine.
“I do not know why he said this,” Babiš said, referring to Merz’s stance.
Merz wants EU leaders to discuss Ukraine’s financing needs at a summit in Dublin on Friday.
In a letter to European Council President António Costa, who will chair the meeting, obtained by The Guardian, Merz wrote:
“We must maintain our support for Ukraine in its struggle to defend itself. This is our shared vital interest. Yet bilateral aid provided to Ukraine is distributed unevenly, with the burden shouldered mostly by only a few member states.”
The EU agreed last year to provide a €90 billion loan to Ukraine, intended to cover two-thirds of its military and civilian spending for 2026 and 2027.
Since then, however, Russia’s relentless bombardment has placed a heavier financial burden on Kyiv, prompting President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to ask for €70 billion to plug the budget deficit.
The EU has endorsed Zelenskyy’s figures and pledged to find €45 billion. Ukraine’s other allies, such as Britain and Canada, are expected to cover the rest.
Last year, Merz launched an initiative to tap €210 billion in frozen Russian state assets held in the EU, but the plan fell through due to opposition led by Belgium, which holds most of the funds in Brussels.
The €90 billion loan was the backup plan. Having opted out of that loan, Hungary, Slovakia, and Czechia indicated that they would not take part in the next round either.
Bulgaria joined these three member states following the election of Prime Minister Rumen Radev last April.
The question of funding for Ukraine is now spilling over into the fraught negotiations on the 2028-34 EU budget.
Germany, the largest net contributor, wants substantial cuts to the proposed budget and opposes the EU providing generous funding to member states that refuse to contribute to Ukraine’s financial needs.
Merz states in his letter that a “collective commitment without exceptions” is a “fundamental prerequisite” for closing Ukraine’s financing gap and for “discussing other matters, particularly those with financial implications.”
He also notes that, in the context of the EU’s next seven-year budget, known as the Multiannual Financial Framework, all member states must contribute to a “robust” financial perspective for Ukraine from 2028 onwards.
A German government official said:
“For the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) to be successfully concluded, it is vital that all EU member states provide financial support to Ukraine.”
Berlin is also aiming to shift decision-making on funding for Ukraine from unanimity to qualified majority voting, in an effort to prevent a single government from blocking EU decisions.
The letter reflects mounting frustration among the EU’s northern member states, Ukraine’s most generous backers, over lower contributions from other EU countries in Central and Southern Europe.
The task of brokering an agreement on the budget falls to Costa, the former Portuguese prime minister.
Costa wants a deal by the end of the year, ahead of elections in France, Poland, and Italy in 2027 that could complicate the process.
A spokesperson for Costa confirmed receipt of the letter without elaborating on details. “President Costa will dedicate time to the Ukraine issue at the informal European Council meeting in Dublin this week,” the spokesperson said, adding that funding for Ukraine would be addressed at a dedicated summit on the EU budget scheduled for 26-27 November.
Europe
EU expects next Israeli government to adopt less aggressive posture
The EU expects the next Israeli government to mend its “difficult relationship” with Brussels and adopt a more constructive approach toward Gaza and illegal settlements.
Israeli President Isaac Herzog tasked Gadi Eisenkot, the leader of the anti-Netanyahu bloc, on Sunday with forming a government.
Eisenkot stated that the country faces a “catastrophic diplomatic crisis” as traditional allies begin to reassess their relations with Israel.
Speaking to Rapporteur, several European diplomats stationed in Tel Aviv said they expect ties to get back on track.
“Whatever government comes in, we can try to revitalize relations because Israel is clearly a very important partner,” one European diplomat said, adding that Brussels expects the next administration to be “less aggressive”.
The diplomat noted that relations with Europe are currently “not very good”.
Israel cut off communication with Kaja Kallas, the EU high representative for foreign affairs and security policy, after Rapporteur revealed in June that she had compared Israel to apartheid-era South Africa during a visit to Mexico.
The diplomat stated that this decision, taken ahead of elections, was political in nature. A second European diplomat based in Brussels explained that the announcement came only a few days before an official visit by Dubravka Šuica, the European commissioner for the Mediterranean.
“This could have been interpreted as a tactic to divide Europe, but Israel had asked Kallas to deny the report; she did not do so,” the second diplomat said.
Brussels has repeatedly voiced its frustration with Israel over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and the expansion of West Bank settlements.
However, EU governments blocked almost all sanctions proposed by the European Commission.
A third diplomat said opposition parties would “almost certainly take the issue more seriously” when it comes to tackling violence by West Bank settlers:
“We see Palestinians being expelled from their homes and new illegal settlements being built in the West Bank. There is a reluctance on the part of the current government to address this issue, which causes problems in our relations.”
The new government is expected to ease pressure on Palestinians and halt construction of the E1 settlement project, a controversial plan to build settler housing in the West Bank east of Jerusalem.
“They will probably try to deal with the problem of extremist settlers in the West Bank,” the diplomat added.
On Gaza, the diplomat described the situation as “a complete nightmare”, with two million Palestinians crowded into an area that accounts for roughly 35% of the territory.
“There are not enough tents for the winter, and not enough vaccines are reaching the area despite an increase in diseases,” the diplomat said.
The European official argued that Donald Trump’s peace plan met all the conditions for Europe. Although the EU had much to offer, neither the US nor Israel appeared interested in EU involvement in the process.
“We are currently training Palestinian police in the West Bank, and if permitted, we could do the same in Gaza,” the diplomat said.
The diplomat disclosed that Israel had agreed with Šuica that Europe would finance two projects aimed at improving sewage and water infrastructure in Gaza, continuing:
“However, none of these projects has started yet because there is a serious problem with dual-use goods. Getting materials into Gaza is very difficult because the Israelis say they could be misused if they fall into the wrong hands of Hamas.”
Israel insists that Hamas must be disarmed before subsequent phases of Trump’s plan can proceed.
With disarmament unlikely to happen in the near term, the EU argues that certain measures can be carried out in parallel.
“We can begin rebuilding sanitation systems in Gaza. We can start building desalination plants. We can begin providing energy and water to Gaza,” one diplomat said.
While Brussels hopes for progress on Gaza and the West Bank, it maintains that expectations regarding the establishment of a Palestinian state need to be “managed”.
The EU continues to advocate a two-state solution, yet most leading Jewish parties oppose the creation of a Palestinian state.
The diplomat noted that the next Israeli government will likely have “a very slim majority and not much room for manoeuvre”.
There is also a “major misunderstanding” between the EU and Israel that must be addressed. According to the diplomat, Europeans fail to recognize the “psychological impact” of 7 October on Israelis.
“This event changed the country and made the two-state solution even more distant than before,” the diplomat said.
In return, some Israeli politicians believe Europe has betrayed Israel despite what they view as a fight against “Islamist terrorism”.
“Their argument is that European politicians are somewhat afraid of the Muslim population in Europe,” the European diplomat said.
Europe strongly opposes Iran and the possibility of Tehran acquiring nuclear weapons, imposing sanctions in response.
However, the diplomat argued that the EU would not participate in a war because it lacks a common army:
“We are a diplomatic and economic power, which is why we resort to sanctions and diplomacy. The expectation that we would take part in a military operation is unrealistic.”
Europe
Germany threatens EU budget veto over long-term Ukraine aid
Germany has threatened to veto the European Union’s joint budget for the 2028-2034 period, which is currently under negotiation, unless every member state commits to providing financial support to Ukraine in 2027 and subsequent years, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz warned.
According to a report by the Financial Times (FT), Chancellor Merz set out Berlin’s condition for the budget talks in a letter addressed to European Council President António Costa.
In his letter, Merz wrote: “A collective commitment that every single one of us, without exception, will make a fair contribution to closing Ukraine’s budget deficit is an indispensable prerequisite for resolving this budget issue and, in particular, for addressing subsequent matters that carry financial implications.”
The German Chancellor stressed that a formula backed by all member states must be established to provide Ukraine with a reliable, multi-year financial perspective starting from 2028.
Merz also insisted that any agreed solution must cover the interest payments on debts incurred to finance the assistance provided to Kyiv.
Conversely, several countries within the bloc have cut financial aid to Ukraine, and the number of capitals adopting this stance is projected to rise next year.
In December 2025, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic approved the EU’s 90 billion euro loan package for Kyiv only on the condition that they would not contribute to its costs themselves.
Alongside these three countries, Bulgaria has also stated that it does not plan to participate in subsequent financial assistance packages for Ukraine.
In France, far-right leader Marine Le Pen, who could potentially win the presidential election scheduled for spring 2027, recently told the FT that Paris has run out of funds.
Le Pen assessed: “The honest approach is to tell Mr Zelensky clearly, and even warn him: ‘Look, we cannot do more. We have already allocated the 90 billion euro EU loan, in which France’s share amounts to 18 billion euros. 18 billion euros is genuinely a huge amount of money.'”
The EU’s 90 billion euro loan, covering the 2026-2027 period, aims to meet two-thirds of Ukraine’s financing requirements.
Brussels expects the remaining 45 billion euros to be covered by other partners, including Canada, the UK, Norway, Japan, South Korea, and Australia.
Germany remains the largest net contributor to the EU budget.
In contrast, the four Eastern European countries seeking to avoid financing Ukraine rank among the largest net beneficiaries of the bloc’s budget.
Leveraging this balance, Chancellor Merz aims to use his influence in the EU budget negotiations to secure uninterrupted support for Kyiv in 2027 and the years beyond.
According to the FT, Berlin is also demanding that future aid packages be decided by qualified majority voting rather than unanimity, which is required under the current system.
A German government spokesperson told the newspaper:
“The issue of Ukraine’s financial needs must be resolved within the framework of the next EU budget. Financial support for Ukraine from all EU members is decisive for the successful conclusion of the budget talks.”
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