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High cost of green hydrogen stalls Germany’s industrial energy transition

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Leaders of Germany’s prominent manufacturing and energy sectors have warned that “green” hydrogen remains too expensive compared to other fuels, casting doubt on a cornerstone of the nation’s efforts to reduce carbon emissions.

Miguel Ángel López Borrego, CEO of German steel giant Thyssenkrupp, warned that unless the cost of hydrogen produced from renewable energy decreases, the company will have to resort to fossil fuels to operate its steel plant in the industrial city of Duisburg, which is planned to be a flagship green facility.

Germany, the EU’s largest producer of greenhouse gases, had set a series of bold targets for fuel production and imports, supported by tens of billions of dollars in subsidies and loans.

However, facing slowing economic growth and commercial competition from China, Europe’s largest economy is joining a global slowdown in the adoption of this fuel.

Coal-fired blast furnaces account for approximately 7% of Germany’s total emissions, and the EU’s most populous country was at the forefront of the bloc’s green hydrogen initiative to meet its goal of reducing emissions by nearly 90% by 2040.

Yet, green hydrogen costs about €6 per kilogram, nearly double the cost of “grey” hydrogen produced from natural gas.

Energy sector executives estimate that due to rising regulatory and investment costs, the price of green hydrogen will increase to around €10 per kilogram by 2030, a figure roughly four times the current price of natural gas.

“I would rather start reducing CO₂ emissions with [methane] gas in 2028 than wait for green hydrogen,” López told the Financial Times.

Although the use of methane gas produces fewer carbon dioxide emissions than coal-fired power, the methane molecule in fossil fuels has a warming potential 80 times greater than carbon dioxide over a twenty-year period.

Thyssenkrupp’s warning comes after ArcelorMittal, Europe’s largest steel producer, abandoned plans in June to convert two German plants to green production, rejecting €1.3 billion in state aid allocated to support the change.

In July, Daimler also announced it was delaying its plans to produce hydrogen-powered trucks by several years due to slow progress in the construction of refueling stations.

“I can have the best product in the world, but if there is no demand, it doesn’t matter,” said Jan Taschenberger, chief operating officer for new green energy and gas at the publicly owned gas group Uniper. He added that the industry is in danger of entering a “trough of disillusionment,” referring to the “hype cycle” of technology adoption.

Sopna Sury, head of hydrogen operations at energy company RWE, said that a series of regulations in Europe for a fuel to qualify as green hydrogen has made it excessively expensive.

In the EU, there are strict rules for a product to be classified as green hydrogen. Brussels stipulates that the energy used must come from a wind or solar power plant located in the same country as the electrolyzer producing the hydrogen and built within the last three years.

There are also time limits on how soon the electricity must be used after it is generated. “If you remove all these restrictions… you could reduce the cost of green hydrogen by at least €2 per kilogram,” Sury said.

Mixed signals from Germany’s new government have further fueled pessimism in the sector. The government promised to accelerate the rollout of hydrogen but also cut subsidies designed to encourage companies to adopt green hydrogen.

Chancellor Friedrich Merz and Economy Minister Katherina Reiche, who have made reviving economic growth their top priority, have made moderate public commitments to previous climate change policies.

The previous government, a three-party coalition that included the Greens, had placed green hydrogen at the center of its plans to decarbonize its large and hard-to-electrify heavy industry.

This year, construction began on a 9,000 km hydrogen “core network,” consisting mostly of converted gas pipelines, expected to be completed by 2032 at a cost of approximately €20 billion.

Berlin also established international partnerships aimed at paving the way for large-scale imports and set a target of 10 GW of electrolyzer capacity for hydrogen production in Germany by 2030.

However, the country is currently far from this target. According to the latest report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the installed capacity is only 0.1 GW. Optimists note that another 1.3 GW of capacity is under construction, accounting for about half of the current projects in Europe.

Industry and energy sector players have generally welcomed the new German government’s promise to support the use of grey or blue hydrogen produced from fossil fuels.

But the draft budget presented to the cabinet in June was disappointing, as it cut state funding for the industrial adoption of green hydrogen.

“We have seen some signs that hydrogen may not be the top priority for this government,” said Barbara Fischer, head of FNB Gas, an association representing the gas transmission network companies building the hydrogen grid.

An Economy Ministry spokesperson said that funds allocated for industrial decarbonization subsidies this year were reduced because Berlin wanted to commit only to an amount that could realistically be approved this year.

However, the spokesperson added that the German government “takes the concerns of the business community seriously” and wants to ensure the hydrogen economy is “accelerated and designed in a more pragmatic way.”

The Merz government plans to invest €500 billion in infrastructure over the next 10 years.

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EIB to unveil 15 billion euro tech initiative to scale European startups

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The European Investment Bank (EIB) will announce a €15 billion initiative today, in collaboration with EU capitals and private investors, aimed at supporting the growth of European technology companies.

For decades, startups on the continent have struggled to raise the large-scale funding rounds necessary to scale on this side of the Atlantic, frequently turning to US investors or relocating abroad as they expand.

“We are catching up. Now we need to accelerate,” EIB President Nadia Calviño said.

Under the existing European Tech Champions Initiative, the EIB had already pooled resources with six EU governments to establish funds that invest in high-growth companies across the EU.

Calviño described the initiative as “very successful,” noting that it has supported 12 European “unicorn” companies valued at over $1 billion, including the German artificial intelligence translation firm DeepL.

The bank is now expanding the program with a new phase nearly four times the size of the original.

Twenty-five EU governments, alongside private investors such as Santander and Danske Bank, are expected to participate in the program.

This initial €15 billion aims to mobilize up to €80 billion in total investment. Calviño stated that this estimate is based on the multiplier effects achieved under previous programs.

As part of these efforts, the EIB also aims to attract European pension funds, which manage immense pools of capital but have historically allocated fewer resources to technology investments compared to their US counterparts.

In addition to the new funding, Calviño noted that the EIB will create a platform providing a single point of access for existing European scale-up initiatives, including the European Commission’s Scaleup Europe Fund, France’s Tibi initiative, and Germany’s Win initiative.

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Germany to purchase US Tomahawk missiles to build own long-range strike capability

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Germany will purchase Tomahawk cruise missiles from the United States and deploy them on German territory, Chancellor Friedrich Merz announced on Thursday.

The move marks a shift away from planned US deployments and toward Germany establishing its own long-range strike capability.

Merz told lawmakers that he finalized the agreement with the US government during the NATO summit in Ankara, adding that the talks held on Tuesday and Wednesday had exceeded his expectations.

“While we close a critical strategic gap in our defense, we are also working to develop our own European systems and deploy them in Europe,” the Chancellor said.

According to German government sources, Washington committed in a letter of intent signed on Tuesday to approve Germany’s acquisition of Tomahawk missiles and their land-based Typhon launchers in August.

The number of missiles and launchers Germany plans to purchase was not disclosed because the information is classified.

The planned acquisition appears aligned with US President Donald Trump’s pressure on European allies to cover their own security costs, such as by purchasing US weapons.

The fate of the Tomahawk procurement had become uncertain after Trump announced in May that he would reduce the US military presence in Germany.

That development was seen as a cancellation of a plan made under the previous administration to deploy a US battalion equipped with long-range Tomahawk missiles to Germany.

That original plan was designed as a temporary solution to serve as a strong deterrent against Russia while Europeans developed their own versions of such weapons.

Germany produces its own cruise missile, the Taurus, but its range of approximately 311 miles is three to five times shorter than that of the Tomahawk missiles.

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Apple loses EU court appeal over Digital Markets Act gatekeeper designation

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The General Court of the European Union has rejected Apple’s challenges against its “gatekeeper” status designated under the Digital Markets Act (DMA).

With this ruling, the company’s designated status for the App Store and iOS remains valid, while its applications regarding iMessage were also rejected.

Apple had argued that the five separate App Stores it operates for the iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, Mac, and Apple TV should be evaluated as distinct, individual services.

The court rejected this argument, ruling that these stores serve a common purpose of connecting developers and users, regardless of the specific device.

The court also dismissed Apple’s defense that the DMA’s interoperability obligations violate its fundamental rights.

However, it did not conduct a substantive assessment on the legality of this obligation, stating that a direct legal link could not be established between the regulation in question and the determination of “gatekeeper” status.

Following the ruling, Apple argued that the obligations under the DMA “exceed the boundaries of legality and proportionality.” The company asserted that the new rules jeopardize the work it has carried out for years to ensure user privacy and security.

Apple retains the right to appeal the decision, though a company spokesperson did not comment on whether there are plans to do so.

Apple previously declared that DMA rules prevented the launch of the updated version of Siri in Europe, resulting in European users being unable to benefit from the service.

In force in the European Union since 2024, the DMA covers a total of 22 services and products belonging to Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft.

The regulation obliges these companies to share certain data with competitors, provide access to user-generated data, and offer verification tools to advertising partners.

Additionally, it prohibits platforms from engaging in anti-competitive practices that favor their own products. Companies failing to comply with the rules face fines of up to 10% of their global turnover, which can rise to 20% in cases of repeated violations.

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