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Water conflict between Afghanistan and Iran

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After the Taliban announced that the work of “Pashdan Dam” in Herat has been completed up to 80 percent and will soon be put into operation, it faced a wave of criticism in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Eisa Bozorgzadeh, the spokesperson of Iran’s water industry, said that the construction of this dam will severely affect the drinking water of several million Iranians living in the city of Mashhad and called for an adjustment in the Taliban’s decision. Meanwhile, Ismail Baqaei, the spokesman of the Iranian Foreign Ministry, has requested the cooperation of the Taliban government to remove the obstacles to the entry of water from Afghanistan to Iran. He reminded that Iran’s rights and bilateral treaties between the two countries should be considered in the exploitation of water resources.

The Taliban recently completed the construction of the “Pashdan Dam” in Herat, and earlier, Zabihullah Mujahid, the spokesperson of the Taliban government, published a video of the gathering of citizens around this dam on his account in the X. The spokesperson of Iran’s Foreign Ministry has protested the withdrawal of water from Herat’s “Pashdan Dam” and said “exploitation of water resources and water basins cannot be done without respecting Iran’s rights in accordance with bilateral treaties or customary principles and rules, as well as the important principle of good neighborliness as well as environmental considerations.”

Esmail Baqaei said that Iran’s Foreign Ministry, in contact with the ruling authorities in Afghanistan, expressed its “strong objection and concern to the disproportionate limitation of water entering Iran or diverting the natural course of rivers”.

The authorities of the Taliban government have not reacted on the water issue so far.

Earlier, Bozorgzadeh also called the water withdrawal from Herat’s Pashdan Dam “one-sided exploitation” of the Hariroud River, which, according to him, “caused a violation of customary rights.”

He added that “the effects of this unilateral action by the Afghan side will not only affect the supply of drinking water and health of several million people, but also lead to widespread damage to the downstream environment.”

Pashdan dam, which is located in Karkh district of Herat, is one of the main sources of irrigation for the green areas of Herat city and the green belt of this province, and its construction started in 2010.

It is said that Pashdan Dam has the capacity to irrigate about 18 thousand hectares of land and produce two megawatts of electricity.

In the past, Iran has expressed concern about the number of dams and efforts to build more dams in Afghanistan.

Hirmand River is a potential point of conflict between Iran and Afghanistan  

The Hirmand River on the border of Iran and Afghanistan is a potential point of conflict over scarce water resources in the region between these two countries.

Iran and Afghanistan have signed a treaty for the use of Hirmand water in 1972, based on which the annual amount of water that enters Iran from the Hirmand River is determined, but Iran is not aware of the amount of water that enters Iran and this country is not satisfied with the flow of the water.

The water treaty between Afghanistan and Iran was signed between Musa Shafiq and Amir Abbas Hoyda, the then prime ministers of the two countries.

The officials of the Taliban government have cited the lack of rainfall and the lack of a device to measure the amount of water entering Iran as the main reasons for not reaching the amount of water that Iran has received, and they have claimed that in some years, Iran has received water more than the amount of water that is stipulated in the treaty between the two countries.

ASIA

South Korea extends arrest warrant for ousted President Yoon

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South Korean authorities have granted a request to extend an arrest warrant issued to detain suspended President Yoon Suk Yeol for questioning in connection with his surprise declaration of martial law last month.

The warrant, which expired at midnight (10:00 p.m. local time) on Monday, was reissued Tuesday afternoon (local time) by the Seoul Western District Court at the request of the Corruption Investigation Office (CIO).

The deadline for the warrant was not announced. These warrants are usually valid for seven days but can be extended for a longer period if the judge deems it necessary.

The CIO, which is working with the police and the defense ministry to investigate Yoon, also requested the police to execute Yoon’s detention warrant. The police have a larger force and more equipment than the anti-corruption agency to carry out Yoon’s arrest.

Yoon, who was stripped of his presidential powers last month after a brief martial law declaration shook the country, is wanted for questioning in multiple investigations, including charges of leading an uprising—a crime punishable by life imprisonment or even the death penalty.

The approval of the arrest warrant, first issued on December 31, marks the first time such a step has been taken against a sitting president.

Investigators attempted to detain Yoon on Friday but were forced to withdraw after an hours-long standoff at the presidential compound.

On Monday, protesters both for and against Yoon gathered near the presidential compound, accompanied by a heavy police presence. Yoon’s supporters vowed to thwart any attempts to arrest him.

According to a video shared by CNN affiliate JTBC, barbed wire was erected on the walls around the compound, and entrances were blocked with vehicles.

Yoon resists the decision

According to the CIO, Yoon, a former prosecutor, has so far refused to respond to investigators’ calls for cooperation.

Once the warrant goes into effect, a 48-hour countdown will begin for investigators to hold and interrogate Yoon. The CIO will need to issue another search warrant during that time to keep Yoon in custody longer.

Yoon’s declaration of martial law in December was widely criticized by the public. After he refused to resign, lawmakers, including members of his own party, voted to impeach him.

However, the suspended president’s lawyers have insisted that the measures taken against him violate South Korean law, and Yoon continues to face investigations and an impeachment trial in one of the country’s highest courts.

Yoon’s defense team has filed an injunction against the arrest warrant with the Constitutional Court and a separate appeal against the decision with a lower court.

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ASIA

China tries to reassure markets as stocks and renminbi fall

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China’s regulators sought to calm markets on Monday as stocks and the renminbi experienced a shaky start to 2025, influenced by weak economic data and geopolitical uncertainty ahead of Donald Trump’s return to the U.S. presidency.

Mainland China’s CSI 300 index dropped by 0.2% on Monday, marking a 4.1% decline in the first three trading days of the year, making it Asia’s worst-performing major index so far in 2025. Small-cap stocks in the CSI 2000 index fell 6.6% since the year’s start. Meanwhile, Hong Kong’s Hang Seng index dipped by 0.4% on Monday, with a year-to-date decline of 1.2%.

Amid these declines, Chinese stock market regulators convened meetings with international investors, and the central bank reaffirmed its commitment to stabilizing the currency. This occurred alongside concerns about Trump’s plans to increase tariffs on Chinese exports.

“Right now, everyone is wondering what Trump 2.0 will bring,” said Jason Lui, head of Asia-Pacific equity and derivatives strategy at BNP Paribas. “It’s reasonable for investors to take some profit,” he added.

The renminbi fell to a 15-month low of Rmb7.33 against the dollar on Monday, despite the People’s Bank of China keeping the daily trading band for the onshore renminbi unchanged. Analysts linked the currency’s downward pressure to corresponding weaknesses in Chinese stocks. Kevin Liu, a strategist at CICC, attributed the pressure to weak manufacturing data, the dollar index reaching a two-year high, and the anticipated effects of Trump’s presidency.

In an effort to reassure investors, the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges emphasized the resilience and solid fundamentals of China’s economy during a weekend meeting with foreign institutions. They welcomed feedback and suggestions to address concerns about Chinese stocks, as outlined in a statement on Sunday.

On Monday, the central bank maintained its daily midpoint fixing rate for the renminbi at Rmb7.19, allowing it to trade within a 2% range. The state-owned Financial News stressed the central bank’s readiness to prevent excessive exchange rate volatility, emphasizing its “sufficient tools” to maintain currency stability.

Investor sentiment remained weak as long-term government bonds continued to attract buyers. Concerns over domestic consumption led to speculation that the central bank might further ease monetary policy. The yield on 10-year Chinese government bonds fell to 1.61% on Monday, nearing an all-time low.

Despite Beijing’s promises to boost domestic consumption following a prolonged property crisis, the year began on a subdued note. The Chinese People’s Congress is set to meet in March to outline its economic policy agenda for what analysts expect will be a challenging year.

Winnie Wu, chief China equity strategist at Bank of America, highlighted the need for policies aimed at stimulating consumption, supporting the private sector, and addressing youth unemployment. “In terms of the fundamental things to look for in 2025, we think investors need to see more on consumption,” Wu said.

Despite the rough start, analysts noted that Chinese stocks rebounded strongly in 2024, with the CSI 300 gaining 14.7% over the year. “We think the worst decline is over,” Wu concluded.

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ASIA

Vietnam GDP growth accelerates in 2024 driven by strong exports

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Vietnam’s gross domestic product (GDP) grew 7.09% in 2024, reaching $476.3 billion, up from a 5.05% increase in 2023, according to government data released on Monday. The growth was fueled by strong exports and robust foreign investment inflows.

GDP growth in the fourth quarter was 7.55%, marking the fastest quarterly expansion in over two years, the General Statistics Office (GSO) reported.

The Southeast Asian country, known as a regional manufacturing hub, capitalized on a recovery in global consumption despite enduring Asia’s strongest typhoon last year.

“This is a positive result amid challenges, including natural disasters, and lays a good foundation for growth in 2025,” Nguyen Thi Huong, head of the Statistics Office, stated during a press conference. The GSO report highlighted that exports in 2024 increased by 14.3% year-on-year, reaching $405.53 billion, driven by electronics, smartphones, clothing, and agricultural products.

Conversely, imports grew by 16.7% to $380.76 billion, resulting in a trade surplus of $24.77 billion.

The strong economic rebound was also supported by government efforts to boost coal imports for power generation, preventing electricity shortages seen in prior years. Coal imports rose 24.8% year-on-year to 63.8 million tonnes, while electricity generation grew 9.6%, reaching 293.3 billion kilowatt-hours.

Foreign investment inflows into Vietnam increased 9.4%, totaling $25.35 billion in 2024. Industrial production output rose 8.4%, while average consumer prices increased by 3.63%.

Vietnam has set an ambitious GDP growth target of 6.5% to 7.0% for 2025, with Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh expressing optimism for an 8.0% growth rate.

“Going forward, Vietnam will actively monitor monetary policies, stabilize exchange rates, and closely watch major trading partners to implement timely measures,” Huong added.

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